private import graph; real legendmarkersize=2mm; real mean(real A[]) { return sum(A)/A.length; } // unbiased estimate real variance(real A[]) { return sum((A-mean(A))^2)/(A.length-1); } real variancebiased(real A[]) { return sum((A-mean(A))^2)/A.length; } // unbiased estimate real stdev(real A[]) { return sqrt(variance(A)); } real rms(real A[]) { return sqrt(sum(A^2)/A.length); } real skewness(real A[]) { real[] diff=A-mean(A); return sum(diff^3)/sqrt(sum(diff^2)^3/A.length); } real kurtosis(real A[]) { real[] diff=A-mean(A); return sum(diff^4)/sum(diff^2)^2*A.length; } real kurtosisexcess(real A[]) { return kurtosis(A)-3; } real Gaussian(real x, real sigma) { static real sqrt2pi=sqrt(2pi); return exp(-0.5*(x/sigma)^2)/(sigma*sqrt2pi); } real Gaussian(real x) { static real invsqrt2pi=1/sqrt(2pi); return exp(-0.5*x^2)*invsqrt2pi; } // Return frequency count of data in [bins[i],bins[i+1]) for i=0,...,n-1. int[] frequency(real[] data, real[] bins) { int n=bins.length-1; int[] freq=new int[n]; for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) freq[i]=sum(bins[i] <= data & data < bins[i+1]); return freq; } // Return frequency count in n uniform bins from a to b // (faster than the above more general algorithm). int[] frequency(real[] data, real a, real b, int n) { int[] freq=sequence(new int(int x) {return 0;},n); real h=n/(b-a); for(int i=0; i < data.length; ++i) { int I=Floor((data[i]-a)*h); if(I >= 0 && I < n) ++freq[I]; } return freq; } // Return frequency count in [xbins[i],xbins[i+1]) and [ybins[j],ybins[j+1]). int[][] frequency(real[] x, real[] y, real[] xbins, real[] ybins) { int n=xbins.length-1; int m=ybins.length-1; int[][] freq=new int[n][m]; bool[][] inybin=new bool[m][y.length]; for(int j=0; j < m; ++j) inybin[j]=ybins[j] <= y & y < ybins[j+1]; for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) { bool[] inxbini=xbins[i] <= x & x < xbins[i+1]; int[] freqi=freq[i]; for(int j=0; j < m; ++j) freqi[j]=sum(inxbini & inybin[j]); } return freq; } // Return frequency count in nx by ny uniform bins in box(a,b). int[][] frequency(real[] x, real[] y, pair a, pair b, int nx, int ny=nx) { int[][] freq=new int[nx][]; for(int i=0; i < nx; ++i) freq[i]=sequence(new int(int x) {return 0;},ny); real hx=nx/(b.x-a.x); real hy=ny/(b.y-a.y); real ax=a.x; real ay=a.y; for(int i=0; i < x.length; ++i) { int I=Floor((x[i]-ax)*hx); int J=Floor((y[i]-ay)*hy); if(I >= 0 && I <= nx && J >= 0 && J <= ny) ++freq[I][J]; } return freq; } int[][] frequency(pair[] z, pair a, pair b, int nx, int ny=nx) { int[][] freq=new int[nx][]; for(int i=0; i < nx; ++i) freq[i]=sequence(new int(int x) {return 0;},ny); real hx=nx/(b.x-a.x); real hy=ny/(b.y-a.y); real ax=a.x; real ay=a.y; for(int i=0; i < z.length; ++i) { int I=Floor((z[i].x-ax)*hx); int J=Floor((z[i].y-ay)*hy); if(I >= 0 && I < nx && J >= 0 && J < ny) ++freq[I][J]; } return freq; } path halfbox(pair a, pair b) { return a--(a.x,b.y)--b; } path topbox(pair a, pair b) { return a--(a.x,b.y)--b--(b.x,a.y); } // Draw a histogram for bin boundaries bin[n+1] of frequency data in count[n]. void histogram(picture pic=currentpicture, real[] bins, real[] count, real low=-infinity, pen fillpen=nullpen, pen drawpen=nullpen, bool bars=false, Label legend="", real markersize=legendmarkersize) { if((fillpen == nullpen || bars == true) && drawpen == nullpen) drawpen=currentpen; bool[] valid=count > 0; real m=min(valid ? count : null); real M=max(valid ? count : null); bounds my=autoscale(pic.scale.y.scale.T(m),pic.scale.y.T(M), pic.scale.y.scale); if(low == -infinity) low=pic.scale.y.scale.Tinv(my.min); real last=low; int n=count.length; begingroup(pic); for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) { if(valid[i]) { real c=count[i]; pair b=Scale(pic,(bins[i+1],c)); pair a=Scale(pic,(bins[i],low)); if(fillpen != nullpen) { fill(pic,box(a,b),fillpen); if(!bars) draw(pic,b--(b.x,a.y),fillpen); } if(!bars) draw(pic,halfbox(Scale(pic,(bins[i],last)),b),drawpen); else draw(pic,topbox(a,b),drawpen); last=c; } else { if(!bars && last != low) { draw(pic,Scale(pic,(bins[i],last))--Scale(pic,(bins[i],low)),drawpen); last=low; } } } if(!bars && last != low) draw(pic,Scale(pic,(bins[n],last))--Scale(pic,(bins[n],low)),drawpen); endgroup(pic); if(legend.s != "") { marker m=marker(scale(markersize)*shift((-0.5,-0.5))*unitsquare, drawpen,fillpen == nullpen ? Draw : (drawpen == nullpen ? Fill(fillpen) : FillDraw(fillpen))); legend.p(drawpen); pic.legend.push(Legend(legend.s,legend.p,invisible,m.f)); } } // Draw a histogram for data in n uniform bins between a and b // (optionally normalized). void histogram(picture pic=currentpicture, real[] data, real a, real b, int n, bool normalize=false, real low=-infinity, pen fillpen=nullpen, pen drawpen=nullpen, bool bars=false, Label legend="", real markersize=legendmarkersize) { real dx=(b-a)/n; real[] freq=frequency(data,a,b,n); if(normalize) freq /= dx*sum(freq); histogram(pic,a+sequence(n+1)*dx,freq,low,fillpen,drawpen,bars,legend, markersize); } // Method of Shimazaki and Shinomoto for selecting the optimal number of bins. // Shimazaki H. and Shinomoto S., A method for selecting the bin size of a // time histogram, Neural Computation (2007), Vol. 19(6), 1503-1527. // cf. http://www.ton.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~hideaki/res/histogram.html int bins(real[] data, int max=100) { real m=min(data); real M=max(data)*(1+epsilon); real n=data.length; int bins=1; real minC=2n-n^2; // Cost function for N=1. for(int N=2; N <= max; ++N) { real C=N*(2n-sum(frequency(data,m,M,N)^2)); if(C < minC) { minC=C; bins=N; } } return bins; } // return a pair of central Gaussian random numbers with unit variance pair Gaussrandpair() { real r2,v1,v2; do { v1=2.0*unitrand()-1.0; v2=2.0*unitrand()-1.0; r2=v1*v1+v2*v2; } while(r2 >= 1.0 || r2 == 0.0); return (v1,v2)*sqrt(-log(r2)/r2); } // return a central Gaussian random number with unit variance real Gaussrand() { static real sqrt2=sqrt(2.0); static pair z; static bool cached=true; cached=!cached; if(cached) return sqrt2*z.y; z=Gaussrandpair(); return sqrt2*z.x; } struct linefit { real m,b; // slope, intercept real dm,db; // standard error in slope, intercept real r; // correlation coefficient real fit(real x) { return m*x+b; } } // Do a least-squares fit of data in real arrays x and y to the line y=m*x+b linefit leastsquares(real[] x, real[] y) { linefit L; int n=x.length; if(n == 1) abort("Least squares fit requires at least 2 data points"); real sx=sum(x); real sy=sum(y); real sxx=n*sum(x^2)-sx^2; real sxy=n*sum(x*y)-sx*sy; L.m=sxy/sxx; L.b=(sy-L.m*sx)/n; if(n > 2) { real syy=n*sum(y^2)-sy^2; if(sxx == 0 || syy == 0) return L; L.r=sxy/sqrt(sxx*syy); real arg=syy-sxy^2/sxx; if(arg <= 0) return L; real s=sqrt(arg/(n-2)); L.dm=s*sqrt(1/sxx); L.db=s*sqrt(1+sx^2/sxx)/n; } return L; }