INSTALL(8) NetBSD System Manager's Manual INSTALL(8) NNAAMMEE IINNSSTTAALLLL -- Installation procedure for NetBSD/macppc. CCOONNTTEENNTTSS About this Document Quick install notes for the impatient What is NetBSD? Dedication Changes Between The NetBSD 8 and 9 Releases Installation and Partitioning Changes Features to be removed in a later release The NetBSD Foundation Sources of NetBSD NetBSD 9.1 Release Contents NetBSD/macppc subdirectory structure Binary distribution sets NetBSD/macppc System Requirements and Supported Devices Supported models Unsupported models Supported devices Unsupported devices Supported boot devices and media Getting the NetBSD System on to Useful Media Preparing your System for NetBSD installation Prepare yourself Preparing your Open Firmware 3 System for NetBSD Updating your BootROM Getting to Open Firmware 3 Setting up Open Firmware 3 to boot NetBSD Available Boot Media Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD Preparing the Open Firmware 3 Bootable Media Creating the NetBSD/macppc CD-R Preparing an HFS or HFS+ partition Preparing a custom hybrid HFS/ISO9660 CD-R Creating an MS-DOS disk Preparing the netboot server Preparing a SCSI or IDE drive with the CD-R image Preparing your Open Firmware 1.x or 2.x System for NetBSD Getting to Open Firmware on Apple Network Servers Open Firmware 1 and 2 System Preparation Getting to Open Firmware (MacOS X or Darwin) Getting to Open Firmware (Best, MacOS 8 or 9) Getting to Open Firmware (Harder, MacOS 7, 8, or 9) Getting to Open Firmware (Without using MacOS) Setting up Open Firmware 1 and 2 to boot NetBSD Available Boot Media Partitioning your hard drive for NetBSD Preparing the Open Firmware 1 or 2 Bootable Media Creating the NetBSD/macppc CD-R Creating the NetBSD install floppies Creating a custom ISO9660 CD-R Creating an MS-DOS disk Preparing the netboot server Preparing a SCSI or IDE drive with the CD-R image Installing the NetBSD System Open Firmware boot syntax Examples of Open Firmware boot commands Booting the NetBSD/macppc install CD-R Booting the NetBSD install floppies Booting an IDE or SCSI drive with an HFS partition Booting a custom CD-ROM Booting an MS-DOS floppy Booting over the ethernet Booting an IDE or SCSI drive with 'partition zero' Example of a normal boot Common Problems and Error Messages Black screen Grey screen with flashing question mark Information on your screen seems garbled or out of sync DEFAULT CATCH! CLAIM failed can't OPEN unrecognized Client Program formatstate not valid bad partition number, using 0no bootable HFS partition READ TIMEOUT@ TFTP timeout enet:,/netbsd.ram.gz: Inappropriate file type or format Bootloader hangs before the copyright notice Hang after configuring devices Milestone Running the sysinst installation program Introduction General Quick install Booting NetBSD Network configuration Preparing a disk for Open Firmware 3 systems Installation drive selection and parameters Selecting which sets to install Partitioning the disk Preparing your hard disk Getting the distribution sets Installation from CD-ROM Installation using FTP Installation using NFS Installation from an unmounted file system Installation from a local directory Extracting the distribution sets Configure additional items Finalizing your installation Finalizing Open Firmware settings Booting NetBSD exclusively Additional Open Firmware tips Booting NetBSD and MacOS X or Darwin Booting NetBSD and MacOS 9 or earlier Other boot techniques Post installation steps Upgrading a previously-installed NetBSD System Compatibility Issues With Previous NetBSD Releases Using online NetBSD documentation Administrivia Thanks go to Legal Mumbo-Jumbo The End DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN AAbboouutt tthhiiss DDooccuummeenntt This document describes the installation procedure for NetBSD 9.1 on the _m_a_c_p_p_c platform. It is available in four different formats titled _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._e_x_t, where _._e_x_t is one of _._p_s, _._h_t_m_l, _._m_o_r_e, or _._t_x_t: _._p_s PostScript. _._h_t_m_l Standard Internet HTML. _._m_o_r_e The enhanced text format used on UNIX-like systems by the more(1) and less(1) pager util- ity programs. This is the format in which the on-line _m_a_n pages are generally presented. _._t_x_t Plain old ASCII. You are reading the _m_o_r_e version. QQuuiicckk iinnssttaallll nnootteess ffoorr tthhee iimmppaattiieenntt This section contains some brief notes describing what you need to install NetBSD 9.1 on a machine of the macppc archi- tecture. ++oo Fetch files needed to install NetBSD. The files depend on which model you are using and how you plan to boot your machine. For systems with built-in floppy drives (Open Firmware 1 or 2), fetch the pair of boot floppy images _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s, which include the bootloader and installation kernel. For systems without floppy drives (most are Open Firmware 3), fetch the bootloader _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z. If you have a CD-R, you can fetch the CD image, _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_m_a_c_p_p_c_._i_s_o. Alternatively, you may netboot the installation kernel. This process is covered below, in detail. ++oo The actual binary distribution is in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s_/ directory. When you boot the install kernel from floppies, hard drive, or CD-ROM, the installation program can fetch these files for you (using, e.g., ftp) if you have a network connection. There are several other methods to get the binary sets onto your machine. You will at a minimum need the following sets: _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._t_g_z, _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z and _e_t_c_._t_g_z. In a typical workstation installation you will probably want all the installation sets. ++oo If your macppc has a floppy drive, create the pair of boot floppies using ssuunnttaarr (MacOS 9), rraawwrriittee (Windows), or dddd (any UNIX-like system with floppy support). If your system has Open Firmware 3, drag _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z to your hard drive icon (the top level of the drive, not the desktop). If you are using the CD image, burn it now. The media you just prepared will be used to boot the installation kernel, which contains all the tools required to install NetBSD. ++oo Determine your machine's model, quirks, and Open Firmware version from the NetBSD/macppc _M_o_d_e_l _S_u_p_p_o_r_t _w_e_b_p_a_g_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll. At present, NetBSD/macppc cannot exist on the same hard drive as Mac OS unless you partition your disk before running the installer. Open Firmware versions prior to 3 require a dedicated NetBSD drive -- you must use the entire disk, partitioned with the installation tools. Open Firmware version 3 cannot boot into NetBSD on a drive partitioned with the installation tools, you must partition your disk before running the installer, then select the ``RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss'' option in the installer (selecting the ``IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk'' or ``UUppggrraaddee NNeettBBSSDD oonn aa hhaarrdd ddiisskk'' options will render your drive unbootable). If you are unsure, you may want to read the section below on _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D ++oo For systems with Open Firmware versions prior to 3, you may need to use Apple's System Disk utility to enter Open Firmware and use your screen and keyboard. To enter Open Firmware, hold down the COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys after the boot chime starts, but before the chime ends. Entering Open Firmware versions prior to 3 is usually the most frustrating part of installation -- you may want to read the section below on _O_l_d_e_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n You should have the Open Firmware ``_0 _>'' prompt on your screen before attempting to boot NetBSD/macppc. ++oo At the Open Firmware prompt, type the command to boot. To boot from the installation floppies, the command is ``bboooott ffdd::00''. For the install kernel and bootloader on your hard drive (Open Firmware 3), the command is ``bboooott hhdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz''. For boot CDs, the command is something like ``bboooott ccdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd..mmaaccppppcc'' (for Open Firmware 3) or ``bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC'' (for earlier Open Firmware versions). You will need to use the cor- rect case for OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF and NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC depending on how your version of Open Firmware interprets the ISO file system. You may need to replace ccdd with ssccssii//ssdd@@33 ,, ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33 ,, aattaa//aattaappii--ddiisskk ,, or some other device alias. You should also use the Open Firmware ddiirr com- mand to confirm that the NetBSD/macppc kernel is called _N_E_T_B_S_D_._M_A_C_P_P_C. You may want to read the section below on _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _s_y_n_t_a_x ++oo PowerPC 601 machines need to use separate boot floppies _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_6_0_1___1_._f_s and _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_6_0_2___2_._f_s, a different kernel set _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___6_0_1_._t_g_z, and a different install kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L___6_0_1_._g_z. The same boot CD can be used but at the boot prompt you must specify the 601 kernel, i.e., replace nneettbbssdd..mmaaccppppcc with nneettbbssdd..660011 ++oo For third-party programs which are not part of the base NetBSD distribution, you will want to explore the ppkkggssrrcc package management system, which contains thousands of third party software applications. WWhhaatt iiss NNeettBBSSDD?? The NetBSD Operating System is a fully functional Open Source UNIX-like operating system derived from the Univer- sity of California, Berkeley Networking Release 2 (Net/2), 4.4BSD-Lite, and 4.4BSD-Lite2 sources. NetBSD runs on many different different system architectures (ports) across a variety of distinct CPU families, and is being ported to more. The NetBSD 9.1 release contains complete binary releases for most of these system architectures, with pre- liminary support for the others included in source form. Please see the NetBSD _w_e_b_s_i_t_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg// for information on them. NetBSD is a completely integrated system. In addition to its highly portable, high performance kernel, NetBSD fea- tures a complete set of user utilities, compilers for sev- eral languages, the X Window System, firewall software and numerous other tools, all accompanied by full source code. NetBSD is a creation of the members of the Internet commu- nity. Without the unique cooperation and coordination the net makes possible, NetBSD would not exist. DDeeddiiccaattiioonn NetBSD 9.0 is dedicated to the memory of Matthias Drochner, who passed away in August 2018 and Eric Schnoebelen, who passed away in March 2019. Matthias' technical contributions are too many to list here in full. He was a long term contributor and commited more than 3000 changes all over the NetBSD source tree and lately was especially active in keeping some of our most weired ancient VME architectures in shape. Eric was a long term pkgsrc developer and well known commu- nity member. Beyond their technical contributions, Eric and Matthias were always helpful and friendly. Their example encouraged users to contribute to the project and share their work with the community. CChhaannggeess BBeettwweeeenn TThhee NNeettBBSSDD 88 aanndd 99 RReelleeaasseess The NetBSD 9.1 release provides many significant changes, including support for many new devices, hundreds of bug fixes, new and updated kernel subsystems, and numerous user- land enhancements. The result of these improvements is a stable operating system fit for production use that rivals most commercially available systems. It is impossible to completely summarize the massive devel- opment that went into the NetBSD 9.1 release. The complete list of changes can be found in the following files: _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS _C_H_A_N_G_E_S_-_9_._1_: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11//CCHHAANNGGEESS--99..11 files in the top level directory of the NetBSD 9.1 release tree. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _C_h_a_n_g_e_s The sysinst installation program has been reworked for this release. It now supports arbitrary big disks and offers GPT parti- tions as alternative to MBR/fdisk partitions on a lot archi- tectures. Unfortunately it has not been tested on all hardware sup- ported by NetBSD. If you have problems partitioning the target disk or installing the system, please report bugs with as much details as possible. See the Administrivia section below on how to report bugs or contact other users and ask for support. FFeeaattuurreess ttoo bbee rreemmoovveedd iinn aa llaatteerr rreelleeaassee The following features are to be removed from NetBSD in the future: ++oo groff(1). Man pages are now handled with mandoc(1), and groff(1) can still be found in pkgsrc as _t_e_x_t_p_r_o_c_/_g_r_o_f_f. TThhee NNeettBBSSDD FFoouunnddaattiioonn The NetBSD Foundation is a tax exempt, not-for-profit 501(c)(3) corporation that devotes itself to the traditional goals and Spirit of the NetBSD Project and owns the trade- mark of the word ``NetBSD''. It supports the design, devel- opment, and adoption of NetBSD worldwide. More information on the NetBSD Foundation, its composition, aims, and work can be found at: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ffoouunnddaattiioonn// SSoouurrcceess ooff NNeettBBSSDD Refer to _m_i_r_r_o_r_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss// NNeettBBSSDD 99..11 RReelleeaassee CCoonntteennttss The root directory of the NetBSD 9.1 release is organized as follows: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_/ CHANGES Changes between the 8.0 and 9.0 releases. CHANGES-9.0 Changes between the initial 9.0 branch and final release of 9.0. CHANGES-9.1 Changes between the 9.0 and the 9.1 release. CHANGES.prev Changes in previous NetBSD releases. LAST_MINUTE Last minute changes and notes about the release. README.files README describing the distribution's contents. _i_m_a_g_e_s_/ Images (ISO 9660 or USB) for installing NetBSD. Depending on your system, these may be bootable. _s_o_u_r_c_e_/ Source distribution sets; see below. In addition to the files and directories listed above, there is one directory per architecture, for each of the architec- tures for which NetBSD 9.1 has a binary distribution. The source distribution sets can be found in subdirectories of the _s_o_u_r_c_e subdirectory of the distribution tree. They contain the complete sources to the system. The source dis- tribution sets are as follows: ggnnuussrrcc This set contains the ``gnu'' sources, including the source for the compiler, assembler, groff, and the other GNU utilities in the binary distribution sets. sshhaarreessrrcc This set contains the ``share'' sources, which include the sources for the man pages not associ- ated with any particular program; the sources for the typesettable document set; the dictionaries; and more. ssrrcc This set contains all of the base NetBSD 9.1 sources which are not in ggnnuussrrcc, sshhaarreessrrcc, or ssyyssssrrcc. ssyyssssrrcc This set contains the sources to the NetBSD 9.1 kernel for all architectures as well as the config(1) utility. xxssrrcc This set contains the sources to the X Window Sys- tem. All the above source sets are located in the _s_o_u_r_c_e_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the distribution tree. The source sets are distributed as compressed tar files. Except for the ppkkggssrrcc set, which is traditionally unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c, all sets may be unpacked into _/_u_s_r_/_s_r_c with the command: # ccdd // ;; ttaarr --zzxxppff sseett__nnaammee..ttggzz In each of the source distribution set directories, there are files which contain the checksums of the files in the directory: MD5 MD5 digests in the format produced by the com- mand: cckkssuumm --aa MMDD55 _f_i_l_e. SHA512 SHA512 digests in the format produced by the command: cckkssuumm --aa SSHHAA551122 _f_i_l_e. The SHA512 digest is safer, but MD5 checksums are provided so that a wider range of operating systems can check the integrity of the release files. _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _s_u_b_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y _s_t_r_u_c_t_u_r_e The macppc-specific portion of the NetBSD 9.1 release is found in the _m_a_c_p_p_c subdirectory of the distribution: _._._._/_N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_/_m_a_c_p_p_c_/. It contains the following files and directories: _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._h_t_m_l _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._p_s _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._t_x_t _I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._m_o_r_e Installation notes in various file formats, including this file. The _._m_o_r_e file contains underlined text using the more(1) conventions for indicating italic and bold display. _b_i_n_a_r_y_/ _k_e_r_n_e_l_/ _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___6_0_1_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for Pow- erPC 601 machines. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._M_P_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. This kernel sup- ports SMP on systems with more than one CPU. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code for every- thing supported in this release. It also has a RAM-disk installer. This is the kernel you should use when you want to install via netboot, from a CD-R, or an HFS parti- tion on Open Firmware 3 systems. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code only for Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, and 2.4 systems (i.e. those that have floppy drives). It has a RAM-disk installer. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L___6_0_1_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code only for PowerPC 601 machines, Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, and 2.4 systems (i.e. those that have floppy drives). It has a RAM-disk installer. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_P_O_W_E_R_M_A_C___G_5_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code only for uniprocessor PowerPC 970FX and 970MP machines. It is intended for netbooting, uncompressed, via TFTP. _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_P_O_W_E_R_M_A_C___G_5_._M_P_._g_z A gzipped NetBSD kernel containing code only for multi-processor PowerPC 970FX and 970MP machines. It is intended for net- booting, uncompressed, via TFTP. _s_e_t_s_/ macppc binary distribution sets; see below. _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/ _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s macppc boot and installation floppy images. The first is the boot- loader and kernel. The second image has the installation tools. Only usable on models that ship with a floppy drive (pre-Open Firmware 3); see below. _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_6_0_1___1_._f_s _f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_6_0_1___2_._f_s Same as boot1.fs, boot2.fs, except for PowerPC 601 machines only. _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f macppc bootloader; see below. _B_i_n_a_r_y _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD macppc binary distribution sets contain the bina- ries which comprise the NetBSD 9.1 release for macppc. The binary distribution sets can be found in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s subdirectory of the NetBSD 9.1 distribu- tion tree, and are as follows: bbaassee The NetBSD 9.1 macppc bbaassee binary distribution. You _m_u_s_t install this distribution set. It con- tains the base NetBSD utilities that are necessary for the system to run and be minimally functional. ccoommpp Things needed for compiling programs. This set includes the system include files (_/_u_s_r_/_i_n_c_l_u_d_e) and the various system libraries (except the shared libraries, which are included as part of the bbaassee set). This set also includes the manual pages for all of the utilities it contains, as well as the system call and library manual pages. ddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all base system utilities. It is useful when reporting issues with binaries or during develope- ment. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. eettcc This distribution set contains the system configu- ration files that reside in _/_e_t_c and in several other places. This set _m_u_s_t be installed if you are installing the system from scratch, but should _n_o_t be used if you are upgrading. ggaammeess This set includes the games and their manual pages. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 9.1 GENERIC ker- nel named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this distribu- tion set unless you have a PowerPC 601 machine. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC__660011 This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 9.1 GENERIC_601 kernel named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. You _m_u_s_t install this dis- tribution set if you have a PowerPC 601 machine. kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..MMPP This set contains a NetBSD/macppc 9.1 GENERIC.MP kernel, which will use multiple processors (if present), named _/_n_e_t_b_s_d. mmaann This set includes all of the manual pages for the binaries and other software contained in the bbaassee set. Note that it does not include any of the man- ual pages that are included in the other sets. mmiisscc This set includes the system dictionaries, the typesettable document set, and other files from _/_u_s_r_/_s_h_a_r_e. mmoodduulleess This set includes kernel modules to add functional- ity to a running system. rreessccuuee This set includes the statically linked emergency recover binaries installed in _/_r_e_s_c_u_e. tteexxtt This set includes NetBSD's text processing tools, including groff(1), all related programs, and their manual pages. NetBSD maintains its own set of sources for the X Window System in order to assure tight integration and compatibil- ity. These sources are based on X.Org. Binary sets for the X Window System are distributed with NetBSD. The sets are: xxbbaassee The basic files needed for a complete X client environment. This does not include the X servers. xxccoommpp The extra libraries and include files needed to compile X source code. xxddeebbuugg This distribution set contains debug information for all X11 binaries. It is useful when reporting issues with these binaries or during developement. This set is huge, if the target disk is small, do not install it. xxffoonntt Fonts needed by the X server and by X clients. xxeettcc Configuration files for X which could be locally modified. xxsseerrvveerr The X server. This includes the modular Xorg server. The macppc binary distribution sets are distributed as gzipped tar files named with the extension ..ttggzz, e.g. _b_a_s_e_._t_g_z. The instructions given for extracting the source sets work equally well for the binary sets, but it is worth noting that if you use that method, the filenames stored in the sets are relative and therefore the files are extracted _b_e_l_o_w _t_h_e _c_u_r_r_e_n_t _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y. Therefore, if you want to extract the binaries into your system, i.e. replace the system binaries with them, you have to run the ttaarr --xxzzppff command from the root directory ( _/ ) of your system. _N_o_t_e_: Each directory in the macppc binary distribution also has its own checksum files, just as the source dis- tribution does. NNeettBBSSDD//mmaaccppppcc SSyysstteemm RReeqquuiirreemmeennttss aanndd SSuuppppoorrtteedd DDeevviicceess Currently, NetBSD/macppc requires the use of Open Firmware to boot. Open Firmware is a command environment using the FORTH language. The NetBSD kernel uses Open Firmware to gather information about your system and to control some of your devices. It is part of the boot ROMs in most PowerPC-based Macintosh systems. Until late 1996, Apple never intended to use Open Firmware for anything other than internal debugging and hardware support. It was not intended to be used to boot an operating system. This is why earlier machines have so much trouble with Open Firmware. This also means that PowerMacs and clones that lack Open Firmware cannot boot NetBSD on the macppc plat- form. Most machines introduced by Apple and the clone-mak- ers after August 17, 1995 have Open Firmware and are sup- ported. Apple made several revisions of this Open Firmware environ- ment, and each has various quirks and problems that we must work around. The single hardest step of installing NetBSD/macppc is to set up Open Firmware properly. Open Firmware versions 1.0.5 and 2.0.x act similarly and the same set of instructions applies to them. Open Firmware version 2.4 is slightly different with regards to booting. Open Firmware version 3 is altogether different, but easier to set up for NetBSD. The minimal configuration requires 16 MB of RAM and 160 MB of disk space. To install the entire system requires con- siderably more, plus space for the swap partition (usually the RAM size, unless you've got a lot of RAM). To use X, 32MB of RAM is required. NetBSD with 16 MB of RAM is very slow. Until you have around 32 MB of RAM, getting more RAM is more important than getting a faster CPU. _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s Find your model from the list below and take note of its Open Firmware version: _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._0_._5 ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (7200, 7300, 7500, 7600, 8500, 8600, 9500, and 9600) ++oo Apple Workgroup Server 8550 ++oo Power Computing (PowerCenter, PowerCenter Pro, PowerCurve, PowerTower, PowerTower Pro, and PowerWave) ++oo UMAX (J700, S900) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._1_._2_2 ++oo Apple Network Server (500 and 700) _N_o_t_e_: Users have reported that the NetBSD kernel does not work well with the on- board MACE-based ethernet (the one that requires an Apple AAUI dongle). If your system does not have the Apple PCI Ethernet Card, you may need to purchase and install another ethernet card in your Apple Network Server. _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _2_._0_._x ++oo Apple PowerBook (2400, 3400, G3, and G3 Series) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (4400, 54xx, 5500, 6300/160, 6360, 6400, and 6500) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI RageII+: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in- One) ++oo APS Tech (M*Power 604e/200) ++oo Motorola StarMax (3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500) ++oo Power Computing (PowerBase) ++oo UMAX (Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _2_._4 ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G3 ``Beige'' models with ATI Rage Pro: Desktop, Mini Tower, and All-in- One) _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 ++oo Apple original iBook, iBook SE, iBook (Dual USB), iBook (Late 2001), iBook (16VRAM), iBook (Opaque 16 VRAM), iBook (32 VRAM), iBook (14.1 LCD 32 VRAM), and iBook G4 ++oo Apple iMac; Bondi Blue (Rev A and Rev B, 233 MHz), 5 Flavors (Rev C and Rev D, 266 MHz and 333 MHz), iMac (Slot Loading), iMac (Summer 2000), iMac (Early 2001), iMac (Summer 2001), and iMac (USB 2.0) ++oo Apple original eMac and eMac (ATI Graphics) ++oo Apple PowerBook (G3 Series (bronze keyboard) and G3 (FireWire)) ++oo Apple PowerBook (G4 (Titanium), G4 (Gigabit Ethernet), G4 (DVI), G4 (12-inch), G4 (17-inch), G4 (12-inch DVI), PowerBook G4 (15-inch FW 800), PowerBook G4 (17-inch 1.33GHz/1.5GHz)) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh G3 (Blue and White) ++oo Apple PowerMacintosh (G4 (PCI), G4 (AGP), G4 (Gigabit Ethernet), G4 (Digital Audio), G4 (Quicksilver), G4 (Quicksilver 2002), G4 (Mir- rored Drive Doors), G4 (FW 800), and G4 Cube) ++oo Apple Mac Mini G4 (1.25GHz/1.42GHz/1.5GHz) ++oo Apple original Xserve and Xserve (Slot Load) _N_o_t_e_: Some newer G4 models may not run at their full CPU speed, due to the fact Open Firmware starts the CPU at a reduced frequency. ++oo Apple iMac G5, PowerMacintosh G5, Xserve G5 _N_o_t_e_: G5 models are supported as a 32-bit port in bridge mode only. _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _m_o_d_e_l_s ++oo Systems with a PowerPC microprocessor, but lacking Open Firmware -- Apple PowerBook (1400, 2300, and 5300) -- Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (52xx, 53xx, 62xx, and 63xx (except 6300/160 and 6360 which are supported)) -- Apple PowerMacintosh/Performa (61xx, 71xx, and 81xx) -- PowerComputing (Power 100 and Power 120) ++oo Systems with broken Open Firmware (Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh) ++oo Systems with a Motorola 68k microprocessor (these systems are supported by NetBSD/mac68k) ++oo Systems upgraded from any of the above (unless the motherboard is replaced as part of the upgrade) _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo CPU upgrades -- Only one CPU in a multiprocessor system is supported with the GENERIC kernel. For the 601, only one CPU is supported with the GENERIC_601 kernel. All CPUs (except the 601) are supported with the GENERIC.MP kernel. -- Most CPU upgrades are supported. Some older models will not automatically enable the L2 and/or L3 caches on a G3 or G4 processor. See the FAQ entry hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ccppuu--uuppggrraaddee ++oo Ethernet -- On-board 79C950-based MACE Ethernet interface (_m_c) -- On-board bmac Ethernet interface (_b_m) -- On-board gmac Ethernet interface (_g_e_m) -- Apple PCI Ethernet Card (option for Apple Net- work Server) (_t_l_p) -- Asante Mac 10/100 PCI Rev A, part number 09-00169-01 (_t_l_p) -- Farallon Fast EtherTX 10/100, part number PN996L-TX (_t_l_p) -- SMC Etherpower II (9432TX) (_e_p_i_c) -- SMC 83c170 (_e_p_i_c) -- 3Com 3c905 (_e_x) -- Intel EtherExpress PRO/10+ PCI LAN Adapter (_f_x_p) -- Realtek 8029 Ethernet (_n_e) -- VIA Technologies VT86C926 (_n_e) -- D-Link DFE-530TX+ (_r_t_k) -- Realtek 8139 (_r_t_k) -- Netgear FA-311 (_s_i_p) -- Lite-On PNIC (_t_l_p) -- D-Link DFE-530TX (_v_r) -- Many other PCI and Cardbus Ethernet inter- faces, such as Tulip-compatible (_t_l_p), 3Com (_e_p), SMC (_e_p_i_c), Intel (_f_x_p), NE2000-compati- ble (_n_e), and Realtek (_r_t_k) -- Many USB Ethernet interfaces (_a_u_e, _c_u_e and _k_u_e) ++oo Wireless -- On-board AirPort or AirMac 802.11b (_w_i) -- AT&T/Lucent WaveLan IEEE PCMCIA card (_w_i) ++oo SCSI -- On-board NCR 53c94 SCSI controller (_e_s_p) -- On-board MESH SCSI controller (_m_e_s_h) -- Adaptec PCI controllers 291x, 2920, 2930C, 294x, 295x, 39xx, 19160, 29160 and AIC-78xx (_a_h_c) _N_o_t_e_: The 294x models are not bootable in Open Firmware, even though they can boot MacOS 9 and earlier. -- AdvanSys 1200[A,B], 9xx[U,UA] SCSI controller (_a_d_v) -- AMD 53c974 (_p_c_s_c_p) -- Apple 53c875 Ultra Wide SCSI (shipped in some Beige G3 models) (_n_c_r or _s_i_o_p) _N_o_t_e_: This card may need a firmware update to boot NetBSD. Use the Mac OS X SCSI Card Updater from hhttttpp::////ddooccss..iinnffoo..aappppllee..ccoomm//aarrttiiccllee..hhttmmll??aarrttnnuumm==2255117766 -- NCR/Symbios 53C8xx (_s_i_o_p or _e_s_i_o_p) -- Many other PCI SCSI controllers should work, but no one has tried them -- Most SCSI disk/tape/CD-ROM devices should work ++oo IDE -- On-board IDE controllers -- Promise Ultra66 (_p_c_i_i_d_e) (this, and other PC- based cards are not bootable on macppc) -- Acard ATP-850/860 based IDE controllers (_p_c_i_i_d_e) (including the Acard AEC-6210/6260 and the Sonnet Tempo ATA/66 cards) -- Some other PCI IDE controllers should work, although no one has had much success -- Most IDE disk/CD-ROM/ATAPI devices should work ++oo Input devices -- Most ADB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads -- Most USB keyboards, mice, trackballs, and trackpads -- Most PS/2 keyboards, mice, and trackballs (middle button on 3-button mice may not work) ++oo Video -- On-board video on most models (_o_f_b) _N_o_t_e_: Several models have been reported to not work with NetBSD if the on-board video is in use, such as the Performa 54xx, 6360, 6400, PowerComputing Power- Center and PowerTower, and UMAX C600 and Apus 3000. Also, the video card that shipped with the PowerMacintosh 9500/150, 9500/180, and 9500/200 sys- tems is reported to have the same prob- lem. -- PCI frame buffers which have Open Firmware support (ATI, IMS, Matrox, and NVIDIA have several models which work) -- Valkyrie and Platinum framebuffer drivers (_v_a_l_k_y_r_i_e_f_b _a_n_d _p_l_a_t_i_n_u_m_f_b) -- Full wscons capabilities, such as virtual ter- minals and color text are available. (Note however that switching between virtual termi- nals while running an X session may not be supported by all drivers.) ++oo Audio -- On-board audio on most models (_a_w_a_c_s or _s_n_a_p_p_e_r) _N_o_t_e_: The (_a_w_a_c_s) driver is considered ``experimental '', meaning that it may cause your system to crash and/or is lacking some features you may expect. Due to interrupt conflicts with some G4 models, this driver is disabled by default and you will need to build a kernel with it enabled. -- USB audio devices (_u_a_u_d_i_o) -- PCI audio cards, although only the Ensoniq AudioPCI (_e_a_p) has been thoroughly tested ++oo Serial ports NetBSD/macppc refers to the on-board serial ports as (_t_t_y_0_0) and (_t_t_y_0_1). Firmware uses the names listed below. -- On-board serial ports (the modem and printer ports) (_t_t_y_a and _t_t_y_b) _t_t_y_a is the mini-DIN 8 serial port with the `Modem' icon, and _t_t_y_b is has the `Printer' icon. Some models with internal modems have the serial port with the `Modem' icon covered over, and the modem is _t_t_y_a. _N_o_t_e_: The on-board serial ports can be used for console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no par- ity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking), although many users have reported prob- lems trying to run ppp or other high speed serial applications -- The Xserve serial port. _N_o_t_e_: This serial port can be used for con- sole (57600 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Use (_s_c_c_a) for the Open Firmware `input-device' and `output-device' variables. Alter- natively, if you remove your video card, Open Firmware will default to using the serial port for the console. -- The Gee Three Stealth Serial Port, possibly the Griffin Technology gPort _N_o_t_e_: These serial ports can be used for con- sole (57600 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). Use (_s_c_c_a) for the Open Firmware `input-device' and `output-device' variables. -- Some USB, PCI, and Cardbus serial ports should work, but no one has tried them ++oo USB devices -- Most MI USB devices should work (such as disks, printers, input devices, SCSI adapters, and ethernet interfaces) hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//uussbb..hhttmmll ++oo PCMCIA and Cardbus cards -- Most MI PCMCIA and Cardbus cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//ccaarrddbbuuss..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//ppccmmcciiaa..hhttmmll ++oo PCI cards -- Most MI PCI cards should work, although very few have been tested with NetBSD/macppc hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//hhaarrddwwaarree//ppccii..hhttmmll _N_o_t_e_: While the NetBSD kernel may support the various Cardbus, PCI, PCMCIA, and USB devices you may have, Open Firmware does _n_o_t unless it has a specific Open Firmware ROM. This means you cannot boot from these devices. Some Adaptec SCSI controllers have bootable Open Firmware ROMs. _U_n_s_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _d_e_v_i_c_e_s ++oo Floppy disk _N_o_t_e_: Though NetBSD/macppc can boot from a floppy, there is no kernel support yet ++oo Advanced power management (cannot put system to `sleep') ++oo On-board video capture ++oo AirPort Extreme ++oo On-board SATA controller on G5 systems (these machines must be netbooted) _S_u_p_p_o_r_t_e_d _b_o_o_t _d_e_v_i_c_e_s _a_n_d _m_e_d_i_a Each version of Open Firmware supports different devices and media that you may boot from. We define the terms ``bootable media'' as the media (hard drive, floppy, CD-R, ethernet) that will be used to bootstrap your macppc system into NetBSD, and ``distribution sets'' or ``distribution media'' as the media (hard drive, CD-R, ethernet) that con- tains the files that will be installed to generate a working NetBSD system onto your destination media. Go to the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage and look up your system. Take note of the comments about your model and keep these in mind during the rest of this installation pro- cedure. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll GGeettttiinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm oonn ttoo UUsseeffuull MMeeddiiaa You should wait to decide where to put the NetBSD distribu- tion sets until you have figured out how you are going to boot your system. Refer back to this section after you have done so. _N_o_t_e_: Some Mac OS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to down- load in `binary' mode. Installation is supported from several media types, includ- ing: ++oo CD-ROM / DVD / USB-stick ++oo FTP ++oo Remote NFS partition ++oo Tape ++oo Existing NetBSD or MacOS X UFS partitions, if per- forming an upgrade The steps necessary to prepare the distribution sets for installation depend upon which installation medium you choose. The steps for the various media are outlined below. _C_D_-_R_O_M _/ _D_V_D _/ _U_S_B_-_s_t_i_c_k Find out where the distribution set files are on the CD-ROM, DVD or USB stick. Likely locations are _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s and _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_b_i_n_a_r_y_/_s_e_t_s. (You only need to know this if you are mix- ing installer and installation media from different versions - the installer will know the proper default location for the sets it comes with). Proceed to the instructions on installation. _F_T_P The preparations for this instal- lation/upgrade method are easy; all you need to do is make sure that there's an FTP site from which you can retrieve the NetBSD distribution when you're about to install or upgrade. If you don't have DHCP available on your net- work, you will need to know the numeric IP address of that site, and, if it's not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once you have this information, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrad- ing. _N_F_S Place the NetBSD distribution sets you wish to install into a direc- tory on an NFS server, and make that directory mountable by the machine on which you are installing or upgrading NetBSD. This will probably require modify- ing the _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s file on the NFS server and resetting its mount daemon (mountd). (Both of these actions will probably require superuser privileges on the server.) You need to know the numeric IP address of the NFS server, and, if you don't have DHCP available on your network and the server is not on a network directly connected to the machine on which you're installing or upgrading NetBSD, you need to know the numeric IP address of the router closest to the NetBSD machine. Finally, you need to know the numeric IP address of the NetBSD machine itself. Once the NFS server is set up properly and you have the informa- tion mentioned above, you can pro- ceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on pre- paring your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installation, go directly to the section on upgrading. _T_a_p_e To install NetBSD from a tape, you need to make a tape that contains the distribution set files, in `tar' format. If you're making the tape on a UNIX-like system, the easiest way to do so is probably something like: # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s where _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e is the name of the tape device that represents the tape drive you're using. This might be _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_t_0, or something similar, but it will vary from system to system. In the above example, _d_i_s_t___s_e_t_s is a list of filenames corresponding to the distribution sets that you wish to place on the tape. For instance, to put the kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC,, bbaassee,, and eettcc distributions on tape (the absolute minimum required for installation), you would do the following: # ccdd ......//NNeettBBSSDD--99..11 # ccdd mmaaccppppcc//bbiinnaarryy # ttaarr --ccff _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e kkeerrnn--GGEENNEERRIICC..ttggzz bbaassee..ttggzz eettcc..ttggzz _N_o_t_e_: You still need to fill in _t_a_p_e___d_e_v_i_c_e in the example. Once you have the files on the tape, you can proceed to the next step in the installation or upgrade process. If you're installing NetBSD from scratch, go to the section on preparing your hard disk, below. If you're upgrading an existing installa- tion, go directly to the section on upgrading. PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD iinnssttaallllaattiioonn _P_r_e_p_a_r_e _y_o_u_r_s_e_l_f Take a deep breath. Good. Now, make sure you are reading the PostScript or HTML version of this document, as the _._t_x_t and _._m_o_r_e versions lack important formatting information that will prevent you from following the twisted path documented below. OK, good. Now, print out this document. While it's printing, get some coffee, relax a bit, and men- tally prepare yourself for something that promises to be confusing, frustrating, and annoying. If you assume the worst, you'll be pleasantly surprised when everything works easier than you expected. Also, forget everything you've been told about installing NetBSD/macppc. That's right, flush your knowledge cache -- some of it is almost certainly dirty. Some of this document assumes familiarity with MacOS, e.g. how to download BinHex files and extract things with StuffIt Expander. If you've never heard of those terms before, it is possible to install NetBSD/macppc without booting or knowing how to use MacOS, but depending on your model it may be almost as painful as learning a little MacOS. See the FAQ for more help: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##mmaaccooss--nneewwbbiiee It's done printing? Fine, time to get started. The recommended installation procedure is as follows: 1. Go to the NetBSD/macppc model support page and look up your model information and issues (I can't stress this enough times). hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll 2. Spend about 15 minutes and read through this document from this point onward. There will be many pages of instructions that apply to Open Firmware versions that you do not have. Throw them out. Do not read them -- at best you will be confused, at worst you may damage your system, requiring repairs. 3. Now create your bootable media and media for the dis- tribution sets. 4. Prepare your machine, depending on the instructions for your model (for example: partition your drive, download and run System Disk, or hook up a serial console). 5. Boot into Open Firmware and verify that it has the ver- sion of Open Firmware you think it does. Also make sure that the other variables are set correctly. 6. Figure out the correct boot command and boot your machine from the bootable media you just created. If you're having trouble, be sure to read the section on _C_o_m_m_o_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s _a_n_d _E_r_r_o_r _M_e_s_s_a_g_e_s 7. Celebrate! The worst is over, but you've still got some work to do. Take a break, maybe more coffee, maybe a quick walk around the block, whatever turns your fancy. 8. Now use the installer to install the distribution sets onto your system and do some initial configuration. 9. Figure out how to boot from the installed partition. Boot into NetBSD for the first time. 10. You may then boot into Open Firmware and set it to always boot your favorite operating system. 11. Configure to your preferences, install your favorite packages, and have fun with your new NetBSD/macppc machine! _N_o_t_e_: You really actually truly do need to follow the pro- cedure listed in this document in the order that we describe. These systems are rather tricky to boot for the novice and expert alike. Once you cross off the sections that don't apply to you, it will make more sense. _N_o_t_e_: If the instructions in a subsection below do not apply to _a_l_l versions of Open Firmware. There will be a line listing which versions of Open Firmware they apply to, such as: (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) If you do not have an Open Firmware 3 system, skip down to _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1_._x _o_r _2_._x _S_y_s_t_e_m _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr OOppeenn FFiirrmmwwaarree 33 SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD _U_p_d_a_t_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _B_o_o_t_R_O_M Open Firmware 3 systems have a rewritable ``firmware'', also called the BootROM. When you use an Apple firmware updater, it updates the BootROM. This will _n_o_t change the version of Open Firmware in your machine -- it will still be Open Firmware 3. The BootROM is what is first executed when you power on or reset your system. The BootROM then loads Open Firmware, which boots your operating system. Go to the `Apple Support Downloads' website at hhttttpp::////ssuuppppoorrtt..aappppllee..ccoomm//ddoowwnnllooaaddss// and search for `firmware' and install the most recent ver- sion for your model. For most G3 and G4 models, you will need to run the FirmWare updater from MacOS 9. _N_o_t_e_: If you accidentally change the llooaadd--bbaassee or rreeaall--bbaassee Open Firmware variables and reset your machine you will, in effect, rewrite the BootROM with garbage. This will permanently damage your machine. We recom- mend not doing this. _N_o_t_e_: The most recent BootROMs available (4.1.7 and later) are a little picky about RAM. Initially, some Power- Macintosh G3 users found that their third-party RAM had been disabled, but the RAM vendors brought their RAM up to spec and it hasn't been much of an issue since then. There is one report that FirmWare Update 4.1.9 on iMac (Summer 2000) will prevent the CD-ROM and the hard drive from operating together. You may get _w_d_c_0_:_0_:_1_: _l_o_s_t _i_n_t_e_r_r_u_p_t problems. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 Hold down a special four-key combination when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Apple PowerBook3,1 2.1f1 BootROM built on 01/29/00 at 22:38:07 Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved Welcome to Open Firmware. To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return. To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return. ok 0 > Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee Alternatively, if you are currently running MacOS X or Darwin, you can use the nnvvrraamm command to set this variable before rebooting. # nnvvrraamm aauuttoo--bboooott\\??==ffaallssee You will need to escape the question-mark or enclose the whole nnvvrraamm argument in double-quotes to prevent your shell from trying to interpret it. _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--aacccceessss hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--vvaarriiaabblleess Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 > ddeevv //ooppeennpprroomm 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess name openprom device_type BootROM model OpenFirmware 3 relative-addressing supports-bootinfo ok If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 > ddeevv eenneett 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] _N_o_t_e_: Some Open Firmware 3 machines have their MAC address stored incorrectly (little- vs. big-endian problem). If you look up your MAC address in MacOS, it will be different than what Open Firmware 3 uses to contact your netboot server. Your machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ether- net device on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the _p_r_i_n_t_e_n_v command: 0 > pprriinntteennvv -------------- Partition: common -------- Signature: 0x70 --------------- little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base -1 -1 [...] input-device keyboard keyboard output-device screen screen _A_v_a_i_l_a_b_l_e _B_o_o_t _M_e_d_i_a Open Firmware is capable of booting from a variety of media (such as hard drives, CD-ROMs, and ethernet). Open Firmware is able to boot files from a variety of file systems (such as ISO9660, HFS, HFS+, and MS-DOS FAT). Unfortunately, Open Firmware is _n_o_t able to directly boot from the NetBSD file system (FFS) or Apple's BSD-based file system (UFS), so we must put the bootloader in a location that Open Firmware is capable of understanding. Therefore, to boot the NetBSD kernel, Open Firmware must first load a `bootloader' (_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) which knows how to load the NetBSD kernel. _N_o_t_e_: Despite a note to the contrary in earlier releases that _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f is obsoleted, that is no longer the case. It has been observed that on some newish machines (notably at least some Mac Minis), use of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f will result in an early kernel panic when loading the GENERIC kernel from disk. For these machines it appears to be a workaround to use _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f instead of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f as the boot loader. The root cause for this problem has unfortu- nately yet to be found. The following bootable media are available for loading the bootloader: ++oo _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m This method loads _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f from an HFS or HFS+ partition which then loads the kernel from an acceptable location. The kernel (compressed or non-compressed) may be on an HFS or HFS+ parti- tion. Due to Open Firmware pickiness, it must be on the same partition as _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In this method, Open Firmware loads the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an MS-DOS file system. It may then load a NetBSD kernel from the same MS- DOS file system. This has only been thoroughly tested on floppy disks, but may work on Zip disks or FDISK-formatted hard drives. This does not work for MS-DOS partitions on a hard drive with an Apple Partition Map. ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _b_o_o_t_) You can run your entire system diskless or netboot only the files necessary to boot (i.e. the boot- loader and the installation kernel). You must have root access for the UNIX-like netboot server, which must be on the same subnet as your NetBSD/macppc machine. _N_o_t_e_: You must use your on-board ethernet device for netbooting. While there may be some PCI or Cardbus ethernet interfaces with Open Firmware ROMs, no one has reported success netbooting using these devices ++oo _H_y_b_r_i_d _H_F_S_/_I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Load the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from the CD-ROM's HFS file system. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the HFS or ISO9660 file system. Make sure that the CD has an Apple Partition Map. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R Once the bootloader is loaded, it can open the kernel from one of the following sources: ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_N_F_S_) ++oo _N_e_t_B_S_D _F_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_a_c_O_S _X _U_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m The boot CD image provided has both a `partition zero' boot- loader and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on a hybrid partition so it can be booted on all Open Firmware versions. It also has an ISO9660 file system with an installation kernel and the dis- tribution sets. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D You must have at least one disk that was partitioned before running the NetBSD installer. This is the drive that will have the bootloader, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. Your NetBSD partitions may either be on this same disk (using the method described in the rest of this section), or on a separate disk accessible only to NetBSD. This section describes how to make a single disk usable by both MacOS and NetBSD -- this is necessary for machines which have only one hard drive (such as the eMac, iBook, iMac, PowerBook, and PowerMacintosh Cube systems). If you do not want MacOS you must still follow this procedure, but create only a small HFS+ partition (large enough for the bootloader). There are two partitioning tools available for NetBSD/macppc, disklabel(8) and pdisk(8). The former is used in the NetBSD ssyyssiinnsstt installer, and will render your disk unusable by MacOS. It will also prevent Open Firmware 3 machines from booting from that disk. When running the installer, you will need to use the installer's ``Re-install sets'' option to skip the ddiisskkllaabbeell step. Do not use ddiisskkllaabbeell or ``Re-install sets'' unless you will use one drive for NetBSD only and have another drive which will have the bootloader. The process is more fully detailed in the Partitioning HOW- TO: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll You can create a partition map with pdisk(8), but the disk will not be usable with MacOS 9 and earlier. If this is a concern, you will need to use Apple's Drive Setup or Disk Utility. If you are using Apple's Drive Setup tool, make sure you have version 1.8.1 or later. This tool only runs under MacOS 9 and earlier. Drive Setup will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. Apple's Disk Utility only runs under MacOS X 10.0.0 and later. Make sure you click the ``Install Mac OS 9 Disk Drivers'' checkbox. Also, keep in mind that Disk Utility does _n_o_t create the partitions that NetBSD/macppc requires. After creating the initial partition map with Disk Utility, you will need to use the NetBSD ppddiisskk to change the parti- tion types. Also, Disk Utility will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. ppddiisskk is the most flexible (and most difficult to use) par- titioning tool available. It runs on almost all OSes that macppc machines support. Download it: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//nneettbbssdd--ppddiisskk// hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//ppddiisskk..sseeaa..hhqqxx There is built-in help describing how it works. When it asks you to enter the ``Type of partition'', use Apple_UNIX_SVR2 for NetBSD partitions, Apple_HFS for HFS and HFS+ partitions, and Apple_UFS for UFS partitions. After you've written the partition map with ppddiisskk, you will need to create the file systems. Use newfs(8) and mount(8) for NetBSD file systems, and hhffssttoooollss to create and mount HFS file systems. hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//hhffssuuttiillss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll Make the following partitions: _H_F_S or _H_F_S_+ Must be large enough to hold the bootloader, over 100 KB. May be as large as you desire for MacOS usage. _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t Must be at least 20 MB. Alternatively, you may decide to use one partition for your entire NetBSD installation, in which case it should be at least 200 MB. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t partition as the first partition (_a) on the disk. This partition is not readable from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p Any size. The recommenda- tion is your RAM size, although this is not strictly necessary for machines with a lot of RAM. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p partition as the second partition (_b) on the disk. This partition is not read- able from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r and _A_/_U_X _F_r_e_e_1 Use these for any additional partitions you may want to use under NetBSD, such as _/_u_s_r (at least 200 MB), _/_h_o_m_e, _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l, or _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g. NetBSD interprets these partitions as normal NetBSD-style partitions. These partitions are not readable from MacOS. _H_F_S Any size. You may want to leave an additional parti- tion available to transfer files between MacOS and NetBSD. If would like to create such a partition, then see the Partitioning HOW-TO. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##mmssddooss _U_F_S Any size. _U_F_S partitions are not readable from MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0. If you use an _U_F_S partition as your root, then it may not be recognized by the NetBSD kernel as the first partition (_a) on the disk. You will need to compile a new kernel with the root partition explicitly defined to be the _U_F_S partition. Now would be a good time to use ppddiisskk to determine the par- tition numbers for your bootloader and kernel. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a The purpose of this section is to prepare the media from which your system will boot the installer. We'll describe how to put the files in the right places on your disk(s) or netboot server and prepare it for use on your system. If you will be running your system diskless (i.e. entirely over NFS, not using any local hard drives), then you do not need to run the installer, you only need to extract the dis- tribution sets on the diskless server. To get the distribution sets onto appropriate media, see the above section entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a. You may want to get the distribution sets when you create the bootable media. _N_o_t_e_: Some MacOS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to down- load in `binary' mode. What follows are the steps to create different types of bootable media for the NetBSD install kernel. You should only need to create one of these to get your system to boot the installer ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _C_D_-_R Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download the CD-R image _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_m_a_c_p_p_c_._i_s_o from the _p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_m_a_g_e_s directory. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//##iissoo -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install cdrecord. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like systems should get it from the official website: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Other' button in the main window. 2. Open the contextual menu on the `Other' button and select `Disk Image' 3. Click the `Select' button and select the disk image you downloaded. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a_n _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of your Macintosh file system. That is, drag the two icons onto your hard drive icon (not the desktop). Make sure they're both on the same partition. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _c_u_s_t_o_m _h_y_b_r_i_d _H_F_S_/_I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R This section describes how to create your own bootable NetBSD/macppc CD-R. We recommend that you use the offi- cial NetBSD/macppc-9.1 CD-R image, as described in the section above. Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of the CD. Make sure that the bootloader is present on the HFS parti- tion, and the kernel is on both the ISO9660 and HFS par- titions. Due to restrictions in the way that Open Firmware deals with ISO filenames, you may wish to name your kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z. You may also place the NetBSD 9.1 distribution sets on the ISO9660 partition (not only on the HFS partition). -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install mkisofs. This is now part of the cdrecord package. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like sys- tems should get it from the official website: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # mmkkiissooffss --oo NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo --hhffss --ppaarrtt --ll --JJ --rr --LL --NN //ccddssoouurrcceess # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your sys- tem (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). See the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO for more detail: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//bboooottccdd..hhttmmll -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Data' button in the main window 2. Pick `Mac OS and PC (Hybrid) CD' from the popup menu between the four buttons and the file and folder area. 3. Drag _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z into the window. You may also want to drag the NetBSD 9.1 distribution sets to this window as well. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _a_n _M_S_-_D_O_S _d_i_s_k Open Firmware 3 cannot boot from a floppy disk, but you can still create a bootable Zip disk with this method. 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disk. A bad disk can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. Mount the disk on your computer. -- Insert it into a Windows or DOS machine. -- Use `File Exchange or `PC Exchange'' with MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0 -- Use mount_msdos(8) on any UNIX-like machine. 3. Copy _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f to the disk. PowerPC 601 machines need to use _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L___6_0_1_._g_z. 4. Rename _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z to _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z, since Open- Firmware can't deal with MS-DOS filenames longer than eight characters. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_r_v_e_r 1. Introduction To netboot a macppc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your macppc (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the man- ual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to con- figure the netboot services on a variety of plat- forms: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott// You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins execut- ing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts exe- cuting the installation tools or init(8). All macppc systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to download the bootstrap program, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your _/_e_t_c_/_d_h_c_p_d_._c_o_n_f (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # filename "ofwboot.xcf"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # macppc machines will look for their bootloader, # ofwboot.xcf, on the next-server as well. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the _d_h_c_p_d_._l_e_a_s_e_s file exists. # ttoouucchh //vvaarr//ddbb//ddhhccppdd..lleeaasseess You will need to start the ddhhccppdd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//ddhhccppdd rreessttaarrtt 3. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your macppc machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Get ofwboot.xcf(8) from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n directory of the distribu- tion. # ccpp ooffwwbboooott..xxccff //ttffttppbboooott Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's eth- ernet address to its IP address: # aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the boot- strap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt 5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel. If you are netbooting the installer, use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z (this has the installation tools in a RAM disk). Also, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory. _N_o_t_e_: Some combinations of Open Firmware version and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f version have trouble loading compressed kernels. If you have trouble loading a kernel, try uncompressing it with gunzip(1) # ccpp **..ttggzz //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # gguunnzziipp nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz # mmvv nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//nneettbbssdd If you are running your macppc diskless, simply use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z. 6. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Other- wise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See _f_o_r _d_e_t_a_i_l_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll. -- Extracting distribution sets # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz Continue with the other non-essential distribu- tion sets if desired. -- Set up swap # mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk # eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' >>>> //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. -- Create device nodes # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv # ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. -- Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with the following lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 -- Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. -- Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _S_C_S_I _o_r _I_D_E _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _t_h_e _C_D_-_R _i_m_a_g_e If the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image is compressed, then you will need to uncompress it first. Find a spare bootable drive (i.e. SCSI or IDE), and use some tool to write the disk image _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_m_a_c_p_p_c_._i_s_o to your spare drive, and boot from that drive. For example, you could use a Zip drive, a Jaz drive, a Com- pact Flash drive, or even a spare hard drive. The disk image has an HFS partition with _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f which loads the installation kernel from the ISO file system on the disk image. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_i_n_c_l_u_d_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S _X_) # dddd iiff==NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00cc where _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_c is the `whole disk' partition for the drive you will be using. Be certain you have typed this correctly, as it will erase the disk. -- _F_r_o_m _a _W_i_n_d_o_w_s _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get rraawwrriittee3322..eexxee from hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//~~mmaarrttiinn//rraawwrriittee3322// Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _9 _(_o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r_) _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get ssuunnttaarr from hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccmmpp//ssuunnttaarr--222233..hhqqxx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `File' menu and pick `Open Device ...' 3. Click on the ``scan SCSI'' button to get a list of which drives are attached. 4. Pick the correct drive. Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. 5. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 6. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 7. Select _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_m_a_c_p_p_c_._i_s_o and click ``Open'' 8. Open the `File' menu and pick `Close Device' Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m PPrreeppaarriinngg yyoouurr OOppeenn FFiirrmmwwaarree 11..xx oorr 22..xx SSyysstteemm ffoorr NNeettBBSSDD _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _o_n _A_p_p_l_e _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _S_e_r_v_e_r_s (Open Firmware 1.1.22) The version of Open Firmware in the Apple Network Servers can only use a serial console. You must first hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking) to `Port 2' (the `ttya' device in Open Firmware). Hold down a special four-key combination on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial con- sole) when your system boots. After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see some introductory text and the Open Firmware command prompt on your serial terminal: 0 > Your Apple Network Server's screen will remain black. Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee Skip down to the section on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D since the next several pages are instructions for MacOS models. _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n Open Firmware has two variables, `input-device' and `output-device', which specify how it accepts commands and displays output. All Open Firmware 1.0.5 and most Open Firmware 2.0.x systems will default to using the `Modem' serial port for the console instead of the ADB keyboard and the monitor attached to the on-board video. Unless you use a MacOS-based utility to set these variables correctly, you _w_i_l_l need to hook up a serial console tempo- rarily to configure Open Firmware to use your keyboard and screen. Some models (such as the Performa 54xx, 6360, 6400, and 6500) have the `Modem' serial port covered with a piece of plastic since the internal modem usurps that serial port. You will either need to use Boot Variables to set the `input-device' and `output-device' variables to `ttyb' (which is the Printer serial port) or remove the internal modem. Open Firmware seems to ignore the settings on most DB15 to VGA adapters. Depending on your model, it will default to either 640 x 480 at 60 Hz or to the resolution previously selected in MacOS. Make sure that your monitor can handle these resolutions. Now would be a good time to look at the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage to determine the issues with your model. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll In particular, some models _m_u_s_t use a serial console, or they will be unable to boot NetBSD at all. All models can be set to use a serial console, if you desire to bypass the keyboard and screen. If, after re-reading the next several sections, you still need help figuring out your `input-device' and `output-device' settings, see the FAQ: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--iinnppuutt--oouuttppuutt--ddeevviicceess If you need to use a serial console, you can use a normal `printer' cable (mini-DIN 8 to mini-DIN 8) and a MacOS tool, such as ZTerm to connect a MacOS system to your NetBSD/macppc system. hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccoommmm//tteerrmm//zztteerrmm--110011..hhqqxx hhttttpp::////hhoommeeppaaggee..mmaacc..ccoomm//ddaallvveerrssoonn//zztteerrmm// See the NetBSD Serial Port Primer for additional help and references: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//HHaarrddwwaarree//MMiisscc//sseerriiaall..hhttmmll All Open Firmware 1 and 2 macppc systems have Open Firmware bugs. Luckily, Open Firmware has a small Non-Volatile RAM variable (NVRAM) which is reserved for FORTH commands which will be run before booting an operating system. Apple has released a freeware MacOS 9 tool called System Disk, which patches most of these bugs. We _s_t_r_o_n_g_l_y recommend that you use this tool to patch your Open Firmware, as several sys- tems cannot boot without these patches. Instructions for using System Disk are covered in the next section. Unfortunately, some models are broken by or are unsupported by System Disk. If you have one of the following models, then skip down to the section on _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_H_a_r_d_e_r_, _M_a_c_O_S _7 _t_h_r_u _9_) Apple Performa 4400, 5500, 6500, 54xx, 6400, and 6360, Motorola Starmax 3000, 4000, 5000, and 5500, APS Tech M*Power 604e/200, PowerComputing PowerBase, Umax Apus 2000, Apus 3000, C500, and C600 Umax S900 _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n_) When you install MacOS X or Darwin, it will install the nec- essary NVRAM bug fixes. Use the nnvvrraamm command to set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt, then reboot. # nnvvrraamm aauuttoo--bboooott\\??==ffaallssee You will need to escape the question-mark or enclose the whole nnvvrraamm argument in double-quotes to prevent your shell from trying to interpret it. You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model has defaulted to using a serial console. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_B_e_s_t_, _M_a_c_O_S _8 _o_r _9_) Download System Disk: ffttpp::////ffttpp..aappppllee..ccoomm//ddeevveellooppeerr//mmaaccoossxxsseerrvveerr//uuttiilliittiieess//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk22..33..11..ssmmii..bbiinn For a brief tutorial on how to use System Disk, see: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall// Launch the MacOS System Disk tool. Click on ``Power User (Open Firmware)'' then click on the ``Advanced Options'' button. Now, click on the checkbox that says ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' and select ``OK''. Click the ``Save'' button and reboot your system. _N_o_t_e_: NVRAM patches and Open Firmware settings will be erased if you `zap your PRAM' by holding down COMMAND-OPTION-P-R keys during the boot chimes, or if you accidentally boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacintosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model does not support using the on-board video in Open Firmware. You will need to connect a serial console to the `Modem' port of your system (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no handshaking). _N_o_t_e_: The ``Stop Boot at Open Firmware prompt'' setting is persistent. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee _N_o_t_e_: Unfortunately, there are a few models that are better off without the System Disk patches. If you find that your machine doesn't boot, then try: 0 > sseetteennvv uussee--nnvvrraammrrcc?? ffaallssee 0 > rreesseett--aallll _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_H_a_r_d_e_r_, _M_a_c_O_S _7_, _8_, _o_r _9_) If System Disk doesn't work because your version of MacOS is too old or because System Disk says that it doesn't support your model, then you may try using the MacOS BootVars tool. hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//bboooottvvaarrss//bboooottvvaarrss..ssiitt..hhqqxx _N_o_t_e_: BootVars does _n_o_t apply the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk does. Expect some devices to not work (such as booting from hard drives and CD- ROMs). Look up the proper `output-device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll If the NetBSD/macppc Model support webpage does not list an `output-device' for your model, then your system will default to using the on-board video. You needn't fill in the `output-device' and `input-device' variables. Launch the MacOS BootVars tool. Uncheck the ``auto-boot?'' checkbox, then check on the ``All Variables'' checkbox and type kkbbdd into the `input-device' box, and the proper device name into the `output-device' box. Click on the ``write'' button, and then reboot your system. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacintosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll If you have a Performa 5500 or 6500, you may need to apply NVRAMRC patches to use your built-in video. See the infor- mation in the NetBSD/macppc Model Support webpage. You should now see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your model has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no hand- shaking). _N_o_t_e_: The ``auto-boot?'' setting is persistent. Your sys- tem will always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. It is equivalent to the Open Firmware command 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_o _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _(_W_i_t_h_o_u_t _u_s_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S_) (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) If you don't have MacOS, then you need to hold down a spe- cial four-key combination when your system boots. Do this on the keyboard attached to the ADB port on your system (not the serial console or PS/2 port) when your system boots. _N_o_t_e_: Your system will _n_o_t have the (possibly critical) NVRAM patches that System Disk applies. Expect some devices to not work (such as booting from hard drives and CD-ROMs). After the chime starts, but before it stops, hold down the four COMMAND-OPTION-O-F keys (the COMMAND key looks like a four-leaf clover or an open apple, and the OPTION key may look like a two-way switch with four straight line segments or say ALT) until you see the Open Firmware command prompt on your screen or serial console: Open Firmware, 1.0.5 To continue booting the MacOS type: BYE To continue booting from the default boot device type: BOOT ok 0 > If your screen is black, then your system has defaulted to using a serial console. This is fairly common on Open Firmware 1 and 2 models if you do not use the System Disk tool to set up Open Firmware. You must hook up a serial console (38400 bps, 8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, no hand- shaking). Now, set your system to always stop at the Open Firmware prompt. 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ffaallssee To use your on-board video and keyboard, look up the proper `output-device' for your model on the NetBSD/macppc webpage hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//mmooddeellss..hhttmmll Run the following commands to use your screen instead of a serial console (replace `screen' with the correct `output-device' for your model): 0 > sseetteennvv oouuttppuutt--ddeevviiccee ssccrreeeenn 0 > sseetteennvv iinnppuutt--ddeevviiccee kkbbdd 0 > rreesseett--aallll Now you should see the Open Firmware prompt on your screen. If your `output-device' is `/chaos/control' (i.e. you have a PowerMacintosh 7300 -- 8600 system), there is a chance that your monitor will not sync. See hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//SSyysstteemmDDiisskk--ttuuttoorriiaall//ooff110055ppaattcchh..hhttmmll _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D This section describes some steps you must take to prepare Open Firmware to boot NetBSD. Additional resources are available in the FAQ regarding how to use the Open Firmware command environment, and the Open Firmware variables you may be using: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--aacccceessss hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--vvaarriiaabblleess Double-check your Open Firmware version: 0 > ddeevv //ooppeennpprroomm 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess name openprom model Open Firmware, 1.0.5 relative-addressing ok If your system has Open Firmware prior to version 3, then you must set some Open Firmware variables before NetBSD can boot. Do _n_o_t run these commands on Open Firmware 3 machines, as you may overwrite your firmware requiring a trip to Apple for repairs. 0 > sseetteennvv llooaadd--bbaassee 660000000000 0 > sseetteennvv rreeaall--bbaassee FF0000000000 0 > rreesseett--aallll The last command reboots your machine so that the settings are stored. If you will be netbooting your system, you can look up your MAC address. 0 > ddeevv eenneett 0 > ..pprrooppeerrttiieess [...] local-mac-address CCCCCCCC CCCC [...] ok _N_o_t_e_: Some early Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines had their MAC address stored incorrectly on the motherboard (lit- tle- vs. big-endian problems). The patches the Sys- tem Disk installs will correct this. Without the patch, the machine will still work, but its MAC address may conflict with another ethernet device on your network. You can check your Open Firmware settings with the _p_r_i_n_t_e_n_v command: 0 > pprriinntteennvv little-endian? false false real-mode? false false auto-boot? false true diag-switch? false false [...] use-nvramrc? true false real-base F00000 -1 [...] load-base 600000 4000 [...] input-device kbd ttya output-device /chaos/control ttya _N_o_t_e_: All Open Firmware 1.0.5 settings and nvram patches will be erased if you boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. You will need to re-enter them before booting NetBSD again. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware 2.0.x and Open Firmware 2.4 systems will set the real-base environment variable to its default value (which prevents NetBSD from booting) if you boot into MacOS 9 or earlier. _A_v_a_i_l_a_b_l_e _B_o_o_t _M_e_d_i_a Open Firmware is capable of booting from a variety of media (such as hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and ethernet). Open Firmware is able to boot files from a variety of file systems (such as ISO9660, and MS-DOS FAT). Unfortunately, Open Firmware is _n_o_t able to directly boot from the NetBSD file system (FFS) or Apple's file systems (HFS, HFS+, or UFS), so we must put the bootloader in a location that Open Firmware is capable of understanding. Therefore, to boot the NetBSD kernel, Open Firmware must first load a `bootloader' which knows how to load the NetBSD kernel. Open Firmware 1 and 2 take either a two or three stage approach, depending on the boot media. In the two step approach, Open Firmware loads _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f from the boot media, which then loads the kernel. In the three step approach (used in the `partition zero' method), Open Firmware loads a primary bootloader _b_o_o_t_x_x from a disk which then loads the secondary bootloader _o_f_w_b_o_o_t (which is func- tionally identical to _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) which then loads the ker- nel. _N_o_t_e_: Despite a note to the contrary in earlier releases that _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f is obsoleted, that is no longer the case. It has been observed that on some newish machines (notably at least some Mac Minis), use of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f will result in an early kernel panic when loading the GENERIC kernel from disk. For these machines it appears to be a workaround to use _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._e_l_f instead of _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f as the boot loader. The root cause for this problem has unfortu- nately yet to be found. The following bootable media are available for loading the bootloader: ++oo `_P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n _z_e_r_o' This method loads the primary bootloader _b_o_o_t_x_x located in the Apple Partition Map, which then loads the secondary bootloader _o_f_w_b_o_o_t which then loads the kernel. This is what ssyyssiinnsstt will place on your hard drive during the installation proce- dure. Additionally, the NetBSD/macppc CD-R images and boot floppies use this method, loading a ker- nel from the floppy's FFS partition or the CD-R's ISO9660 partition. ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In this method, Open Firmware loads the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an MS-DOS file system. It may then load a NetBSD kernel from the same MS- DOS file system. This has only been thoroughly tested on floppy disks, but may work on Zip disks or FDISK-formatted hard drives. This does not work for MS-DOS partitions on a hard drive with an Apple Partition Map. ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_n_e_t_w_o_r_k _b_o_o_t_) You can run your entire system diskless or netboot only the files necessary to boot (i.e. the boot- loader and the installation kernel). You must have root access for the UNIX-like netboot server, which must be on the same subnet as your NetBSD/macppc machine. _N_o_t_e_: You must use your on-board ethernet device for netbooting. While there may be some PCI or Cardbus ethernet interfaces with Open Firmware ROMs, no one has reported success netbooting using these devices ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Load the _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f bootloader from an ISO9660 CD-ROM. It can then load a NetBSD kernel from the ISO9660 CD-ROM. Open Firmware 1.0.5 and 2.0.x machines will _n_o_t boot from the ISO9660 file system if you create a hybrid HFS/ISO format CD-R. Make sure that the CD _o_n_l_y has ISO9660 data and does not have an Apple Partition Map. _N_o_t_e_: Open Firmware can only open files on the first session of a multi-session CD-R Once the bootloader is loaded, it can open the kernel from one of the following sources: ++oo _E_t_h_e_r_n_e_t _(_N_F_S_) ++oo _N_e_t_B_S_D _F_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m Such as the boot floppy, or an installed NetBSD partition. ++oo _M_a_c_O_S _X _U_F_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R_O_M _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In theory, Open Firmware 2.4 systems should be able to load the bootloader from an HFS or HFS+ partition or a hybrid CD- R, but users have reported that it doesn't work. The boot floppy images provided have a `partition zero' bootloader and a NetBSD file system with an installation kernel. The boot CD image provided has both a `partition zero' bootloader and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on a hybrid partition so it can be booted on all Open Firmware versions. It also has an ISO9660 file system with an installation kernel and the dis- tribution sets. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D You must use the NetBSD installer to partition your disk if you want it to be bootable. With this release of NetBSD, there is no way to dual-boot MacOS and NetBSD on one hard drive. You can use the instructions in this section to partition a disk that may also be used with MacOS, although a disk pre- pared in this way _w_i_l_l _n_o_t _b_o_o_t NetBSD. That means, your root partition (_/) must be on a drive prepared with the NetBSD installer, but the partitions not necessary to boot (for example _/_u_s_r, _/_h_o_m_e, or _/_e_x_p_o_r_t) may be on the same disk as MacOS. Unless you are planning to use partitions on the same disk as MacOS, skip forward to _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _o_r _2 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a There are two partitioning tools available for NetBSD/macppc, disklabel(8) and pdisk(8). The former is used in the NetBSD ssyyssiinnsstt installer, and will render your disk unusable by MacOS. The process is more fully detailed in the Partitioning HOW- TO: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll You can create a partition map with pdisk(8), but the disk will not be usable with MacOS 9 and earlier. If this is a concern, you will need to use Apple's Drive Setup or Disk Utility. If you are using Apple's Drive Setup tool, make sure you have version 1.8.1 or later. This tool only runs under MacOS 9 and earlier. Drive Setup will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. Apple's Disk Utility only runs under MacOS X 10.0.0 and later. Make sure you click the ``Install Mac OS 9 Disk Drivers'' checkbox. Also, keep in mind that Disk Utility does _n_o_t create the partitions that NetBSD/macppc requires. After creating the initial partition map with Disk Utility, you will need to use the NetBSD ppddiisskk to change the parti- tion types. Also, Disk Utility will erase the contents of your drive -- it does not preserve data from any of your partitions. ppddiisskk is the most flexible (and most difficult to use) par- titioning tool available. It runs on almost all OSes that macppc machines support. Download it: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//nneettbbssdd--ppddiisskk// hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//aarrcchh//mmaaccppppcc//mmaaccooss--uuttiillss//ppddiisskk..sseeaa..hhqqxx There is built-in help describing how it works. When it asks you to enter the ``Type of partition'', use Apple_UNIX_SVR2 for NetBSD partitions, Apple_HFS for HFS and HFS+ partitions, and Apple_UFS for UFS partitions. After you've written the partition map with ppddiisskk, you will need to create the file systems. Use newfs(8) and mount(8) for NetBSD file systems, and hhffssttoooollss to create and mount HFS file systems. hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//hhffssuuttiillss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll Make the following partitions: _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p Any size. The recommenda- tion is your RAM size, although this is not strictly necessary for machines with a lot of RAM. NetBSD interprets an _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p partition as the second partition (_b) on the disk. This partition is not read- able from MacOS. _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r and _A_/_U_X _F_r_e_e_1 Use these for any additional partitions you may want to use under NetBSD, such as _/_u_s_r (at least 200 MB), _/_h_o_m_e, _/_u_s_r_/_l_o_c_a_l, or _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g. NetBSD interprets these partitions as normal NetBSD-style partitions. These partitions are not readable from MacOS. _H_F_S Any size. You may want to leave an additional parti- tion available to transfer files between MacOS and NetBSD. If would like to create such a partition, then see the Partitioning HOW-TO. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##mmssddooss _U_F_S Any size. _U_F_S partitions are not readable from MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0. If you use an _U_F_S partition as your root, then it may not be recognized by the NetBSD kernel as the first partition (_a) on the disk. You will need to compile a new kernel with the root partition explicitly defined to be the _U_F_S partition. Now would be a good time to use ppddiisskk to determine the par- tition numbers for your bootloader and kernel. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _o_r _2 _B_o_o_t_a_b_l_e _M_e_d_i_a The purpose of this section is to prepare the media from which your system will boot the installer. We'll describe how to put the files in the right places on your disk(s) or netboot server and prepare it for use on your system. If you will be running your system diskless (i.e. entirely over NFS, not using any local hard drives), then you do not need to run the installer, you only need to extract the dis- tribution sets on the diskless server. To get the distribution sets onto appropriate media, see the above section entitled _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m _o_n _t_o _U_s_e_f_u_l _M_e_d_i_a. You may want to get the distribution sets when you create the bootable media. _N_o_t_e_: Some MacOS ffttpp clients default to downloading files in `ASCII' mode. This will render the NetBSD files useless. Make sure to set your ftp program to down- load in `binary' mode. What follows are the steps to create different types of bootable media for the NetBSD install kernel. You should only need to create one of these to get your system to boot the installer ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _C_D_-_R Go to one of the NetBSD mirror sites and download the CD-R image _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_m_a_c_p_p_c_._i_s_o from the _p_u_b_/_N_e_t_B_S_D_/_i_m_a_g_e_s directory. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmiirrrroorrss//##iissoo -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install cdrecord. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like systems should get it from the official website: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct name of the disk image file, speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your system (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Other' button in the main window. 2. Open the contextual menu on the `Other' button and select `Disk Image' 3. Click the `Select' button and select the disk image you downloaded. 4. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disks. A bad floppy can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. If the boot floppy images are compressed, then you will need to uncompress them first. 3. Use a tool to write the boot floppy images _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_2_._f_s to two floppy disks. PowerPC 601 machines should use _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_6_0_1___1_._f_s and _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_f_l_o_p_p_y_/_b_o_o_t_6_0_1___2_._f_s instead. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e # dddd iiff==bboooott11..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrffdd00aa bbss==3366kk # dddd iiff==bboooott22..ffss ooff==//ddeevv//rrffdd00aa bbss==3366kk -- _F_r_o_m _a _W_i_n_d_o_w_s _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get either the rraawwrriittee..eexxee program from the NetBSD/i386 distribution or rraawwrriittee3322..eexxee from hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//~~mmaarrttiinn//rraawwrriittee3322// -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _9 _(_o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r_) _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get ssuunnttaarr from hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccmmpp//ssuunnttaarr--222233..hhqqxx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 3. Insert the first floppy disk 4. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 5. Select _b_o_o_t_1_._f_s and click ``Open'' 6. Open the `File' menu and pick `Eject' 7. Repeat the process for the second floppy Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _a _c_u_s_t_o_m _I_S_O_9_6_6_0 _C_D_-_R This section describes how to create your own bootable NetBSD/macppc CD-R. We recommend that you use the offi- cial NetBSD/macppc-9.1 CD-R image, as described in the section above. Place _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and the installation kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z at the top level of the CD. Due to restrictions in the way that Open Firmware deals with ISO filenames, you may wish to name your kernel _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z. You may also place the NetBSD 9.1 distribu- tion sets on the disk. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get and install mkisofs. This is now part of the cdrecord package. NetBSD users should install it from the package collection. Other UNIX-like sys- tems should get it from the official website: hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//NNeettBBSSDD//ppaacckkaaggeess//ppkkggssrrcc//ssyyssuuttiillss//ccddrrttoooollss//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll hhttttpp::////wwwwww..ffookkuuss..ggmmdd..ddee//rreesseeaarrcchh//cccc//gglloonnee//eemmppllooyyeeeess//jjooeerrgg..sscchhiilllliinngg//pprriivvaattee//ccddrreeccoorrdd..hhttmmll # mmkkiissooffss --oo NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo --ll --JJ --rr --LL --NN //ccddssoouurrcceess # ccddrreeccoorrdd --vv ssppeeeedd==44 ddeevv==//ddeevv//ccdd11cc NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo You will need to substitute the correct speed for your CD writer, and the correct device for your sys- tem (for i386 it would be _/_d_e_v_/_c_d_1_d). See the NetBSD Bootable CD-ROM HOW-TO for more detail: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//bboooottccdd..hhttmmll -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_u_s_i_n_g _T_o_a_s_t_) 1. Click the `Other' button in the main window 2. Open the contextual menu on the `Other' button and select `ISO 9660' 3. Click the `Select' button. 4. Click the `Settings' tab, open the `Naming' popup menu, and pick `Allow Macintosh Names' 5. Click on the `Files' tab 6. Drag _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n_/_o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f and _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z into the window. You may also want to drag the NetBSD 9.1 distribution sets to this window as well. 7. Click the `Done' button 8. Click the `Record' button Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _C_r_e_a_t_i_n_g _a_n _M_S_-_D_O_S _d_i_s_k Unfortunately, the installation kernel is now too large to fit onto a floppy disk, but you can still create a bootable Zip disk with this method. 1. First, make sure you have done a low-level format on the disk. A bad disk can produce Open Firmware errors similar to other problems. 2. Mount the disk on your computer. -- Insert it into a Windows or DOS machine. -- Use `File Exchange or `PC Exchange'' with MacOS versions prior to X 10.0.0 -- Use mount_msdos(8) on any UNIX-like machine. 3. Copy _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f to the disk. PowerPC 601 machines need to use _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L___6_0_1_._g_z. 4. Rename _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L_._g_z to _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z, since Open- Firmware can't deal with MS-DOS filenames longer than eight characters. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _t_h_e _n_e_t_b_o_o_t _s_e_r_v_e_r 1. Introduction To netboot a macppc, you must configure one or more servers to provide information and files to your macppc (the `client'). If you are using NetBSD (any architecture) on your netboot server(s), the information provided here should be sufficient to configure everything. Additionally, you may wish to look at the diskless(8) manual page and the man- ual pages for each daemon you'll be configuring. If the server(s) are another operating system, you should consult the NetBSD Diskless HOW-TO, which will walk you through the steps necessary to con- figure the netboot services on a variety of plat- forms: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott// You may either netboot the installer so you can install onto a locally attached disk, or you may run your system entirely over the network. Briefly, the netboot process involves discovery, bootstrap, kernel and file system stages. In the first stage, the client discovers information about where to find the bootstrap program. Next, it downloads and executes the bootstrap program. The bootstrap program goes through another discovery phase to determine where the kernel is located. The bootstrap program tries to mount the NFS share containing the kernel. Once the kernel is loaded, it starts executing. For RAM disk kernels, it mounts the RAM disk file system and begins execut- ing the installer from the RAM disk. For normal (non-RAM disk) kernels, the kernel tries to mount the NFS share that had the kernel and starts exe- cuting the installation tools or init(8). All macppc systems use BOOTP for the discovery stage. TFTP is used in the bootstrap phase to download the bootstrap program, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f. NFS is used in both the kernel and file system stages to download the kernel, and to access files on the file server. We will use `CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC' as the MAC address (ethernet hardware address) of your netboot client machine. You should have determined this address in an earlier stage. In this example, we will use `192.168.1.10' as the IP address of your client and `client.test.net' as its name. We will assume you're providing all of your netboot services on one machine called `server.test.net' with the client's files exported from the directory _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t. You should, of course, replace all of these with the names, addresses, and paths appropriate to your environment. You should set up each netboot stage in order (i.e., discovery, bootstrap, kernel, and then file system) so that you can test them as you proceed. 2. dhcpd(8) in bootpd(8) compatible mode Put the following lines in your _/_e_t_c_/_d_h_c_p_d_._c_o_n_f (see dhcpd.conf(5) and dhcp-options(5) for more information): ddns-update-style none; # Do not use any dynamic DNS features # allow bootp; # Allow bootp requests, thus the dhcp server # will act as a bootp server. # authoritative; # master DHCP server for this subnet # subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { # Which network interface to listen on. # The zeros indicate the range of addresses # that are allowed to connect. } group { # Set of parameters common to all clients # in this "group". # option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255; option domain-name "test.net"; option domain-name-servers dns.test.net; option routers router.test.net; option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0; # # An individual client. # host client.test.net { hardware ethernet CC:CC:CC:CC:CC:CC; fixed-address 192.168.1.10; # # Name of the host (if the fixed address # doesn't resolve to a simple name). # option host-name "client"; # # Name of the bootloader or kernel # to download via tftp. # filename "ofwboot.xcf"; # # The path on the NFS server. # option root-path "/export/client/root"; # # If your DHCP server is not your NFS server, supply the # address of the NFS server. Since we assume you run everything # on one server, this is not needed. # # macppc machines will look for their bootloader, # ofwboot.xcf, on the next-server as well. # # next-server server.test.net; } #you may paste another "host" entry here for additional #clients on this network } You will need to make sure that the _d_h_c_p_d_._l_e_a_s_e_s file exists. # ttoouucchh //vvaarr//ddbb//ddhhccppdd..lleeaasseess You will need to start the ddhhccppdd. If it's already running, you will need to restart it to force it to re-read its configuration file. If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//ddhhccppdd rreessttaarrtt 3. tftpd(8) The default configuration of the TFTP server is to run in a chroot(8) environment in the _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t directory. Thus, the first order of business is to create this directory: # mmkkddiirr --pp //ttffttppbboooott Next, edit _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f and uncomment the line with the TFTP daemon: tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/libexec/tftpd tftpd -l -s /tftpboot Now, restart inetd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//iinneettdd rreessttaarrtt Now, you need to copy the bootloader for your macppc machine to _/_t_f_t_p_b_o_o_t. Get ofwboot.xcf(8) from the _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n directory of the distribu- tion. # ccpp ooffwwbboooott..xxccff //ttffttppbboooott Just to be sure, let's make everything readable. # cchhmmoodd --RR aa++rrXX //ttffttppbboooott Sometimes, the arp(8) table gets messed up, and the TFTP server can't communicate with the client. In this case, it will write a log message (via syslogd(8)) to _/_v_a_r_/_l_o_g_/_m_e_s_s_a_g_e_s saying: `tftpd: write: Host is down'. If this is the case, you may need to force the server to map your client's eth- ernet address to its IP address: # aarrpp --ss cclliieenntt CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC::CCCC 4. nfsd(8), mountd(8), and rpcbind(8) Now your system should be able to load the boot- strap program and start looking for the kernel. Let's set up the NFS server. Create the directory you are exporting for the netboot client: # mmkkddiirr --pp //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott Put the following line in _/_e_t_c_/_e_x_p_o_r_t_s to enable NFS sharing: /export/client/root -maproot=root client.test.net If your server is currently running an NFS server, you only need to restart mountd(8). Otherwise, you need to start rpcbind(8) and nfsd(8). If the server is running NetBSD, you can achieve this with: # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//rrppccbbiinndd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//nnffssdd ssttaarrtt # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt 5. NetBSD kernel and installation tools Now, if you place a kernel named _n_e_t_b_s_d in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t your client should boot the kernel. If you are netbooting the installer, use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z (this has the installation tools in a RAM disk). Also, copy the distribution files to the client's root directory. _N_o_t_e_: Some combinations of Open Firmware version and _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f version have trouble loading compressed kernels. If you have trouble loading a kernel, try uncompressing it with gunzip(1) # ccpp **..ttggzz //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # gguunnzziipp nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz # mmvv nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//nneettbbssdd If you are running your macppc diskless, simply use _b_i_n_a_r_y_/_k_e_r_n_e_l_/_n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C_._g_z. 6. Client file system You can skip this step if you do not plan to run your client diskless after installation. Other- wise, you need to extract and set up the client's installation of NetBSD. The Diskless HOW-TO describes how to provide better security and save space on the NFS server over the procedure listed here. See _f_o_r _d_e_t_a_i_l_s_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//nneettwwoorrkk//nneettbboooott//nnffss..hhttmmll. -- Extracting distribution sets # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//bbaassee..ttggzz # ttaarr --xxppzzff //ppaatthh//ttoo//ffiilleess//eettcc..ttggzz Continue with the other non-essential distribu- tion sets if desired. -- Set up swap # mmkkddiirr //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//sswwaapp # dddd iiff==//ddeevv//zzeerroo ooff==//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp bbss==44kk ccoouunntt==44kk # eecchhoo ''//eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//sswwaapp --mmaapprroooott==rroooott::wwhheeeell cclliieenntt..tteesstt..nneett'' >>>> //eettcc//eexxppoorrttss # //eettcc//rrcc..dd//mmoouunnttdd rreessttaarrtt This creates a 16 MB swap file and exports it to the client. -- Create device nodes # ccdd //eexxppoorrtt//cclliieenntt//rroooott//ddeevv # ..//MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll This procedure only works on NetBSD hosts. -- Set up the client's fstab(5) Create a file in _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_f_s_t_a_b with the following lines: server:/export/client/swap none swap sw,nfsmntpt=/swap server:/export/client/root / nfs rw 0 0 -- Set up the client's rc.conf(5) Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f rc_configured=YES hostname="client" defaultroute="192.168.1.1" nfs_client=YES auto_ifconfig=NO net_interfaces="" Make sure rc does not reconfigure the network device since it will lose its connection to the NFS server with your root file system. -- Set up the client's hosts(5) file. Edit _/_e_x_p_o_r_t_/_c_l_i_e_n_t_/_r_o_o_t_/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s ::1 localhost 127.0.0.1 localhost 192.168.1.10 client.test.net client 192.168.1.5 server.test.net server 7. Setting up the server daemons If you want these services to start up every time you boot your server, make sure the following lines are present in your _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f: dhcpd=YES dhcpd_flags="-q" nfs_server=YES # enable server daemons mountd=YES rpcbind=YES rpcbind_flags="-l" # -l logs libwrap Also, you'll need to make sure the _t_f_t_p_d line in _/_e_t_c_/_i_n_e_t_d_._c_o_n_f remains uncommented. Skip forward to _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _S_y_s_t_e_m ++oo _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _S_C_S_I _o_r _I_D_E _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _t_h_e _C_D_-_R _i_m_a_g_e If the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image is compressed, then you will need to uncompress it first. Find a spare bootable drive (i.e. SCSI or IDE), and use some tool to write the disk image _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_m_a_c_p_p_c_._i_s_o to your spare drive, and boot from that drive. For example, you could use a Zip drive, a Jaz drive, a Com- pact Flash drive, or even a spare hard drive. The disk image has a `partition zero' bootloader which ultimately loads the installation kernel from the ISO file system on the disk image. -- _F_r_o_m _a_n _U_N_I_X_-_l_i_k_e _m_a_c_h_i_n_e _(_i_n_c_l_u_d_i_n_g _M_a_c_O_S _X_) # dddd iiff==NNeettBBSSDD--99..11--mmaaccppppcc..iissoo ooff==//ddeevv//rrssdd00cc where _/_d_e_v_/_r_s_d_0_c is the `whole disk' partition for the drive you will be using. Be certain you have typed this correctly, as it will erase the disk. -- _F_r_o_m _a _W_i_n_d_o_w_s _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get rraawwrriittee3322..eexxee from hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//~~mmaarrttiinn//rraawwrriittee3322// Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. -- _F_r_o_m _a _M_a_c_O_S _9 _(_o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r_) _m_a_c_h_i_n_e Get ssuunnttaarr from hhttttpp::////hhyyppeerraarrcchhiivvee..llccss..mmiitt..eedduu//HHyyppeerrAArrcchhiivvee//AArrcchhiivvee//ccmmpp//ssuunnttaarr--222233..hhqqxx 1. Open the `Preferences' menu and pick `Expert Mode' 2. Open the `File' menu and pick `Open Device ...' 3. Click on the ``scan SCSI'' button to get a list of which drives are attached. 4. Pick the correct drive. Be certain you have selected the correct disk, as it will erase the contents. 5. Open the `Special' menu and pick `Overwrite Sectors ...' 6. Hit return (i.e. start at sector number zero) 7. Select _N_e_t_B_S_D_-_9_._1_-_m_a_c_p_p_c_._i_s_o and click ``Open'' 8. Open the `File' menu and pick `Close Device' IInnssttaalllliinngg tthhee NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _s_y_n_t_a_x The syntax of the Open Firmware bboooott command is: boot boot-device [boot-file] [-as] where the boot-device describes where to find the boot- loader, boot-file describes where to find the NetBSD kernel, and the options specify how you want to boot. You use the boot-device to tell Open Firmware where to find ofwboot(8) by listing the device, the partition (if it's a disk), and the filename of the bootloader (if using _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f). If the boot-file is on the same device and partition (if it's a disk) as the boot-device then you can just specify the kernel filename. Otherwise, you need to specify the full Open Firmware path to the kernel. The --aa flag will ask you for the location of the next item to load (i.e. the bootloader will ask where the kernel is (if unspecified), or the kernel will ask where the root file system is). The --ss flag will boot into `single-user' mode. The exact command you will be using depends on which version of Open Firmware your machine has and which device you will be booting from. Sometimes you may have to guess as we don't know all of the combinations of models, device names, and file names. In general the format is: device:[partition][,\filename]. Keep in mind for the future that you may be able to have your boot-device and boot-file on entirely different devices (such as the bootloader net- booted from enet and the kernel loaded from a hard drive on the ultra0 ATA/IDE bus). We'll try to walk you through the process of figuring out what Open Firmware calls your device, partition, and file names. To start with, Open Firmware keeps a ``device tree'' with all of the devices it finds in your system. You can get a listing of the nodes in this device tree with the ddeevv and llss commands. ddeevv is similar to the unix ccdd command and is used to change between the nodes in the Open Firmware device tree (similar to a file system). llss of course is similar to the unix llss command and is used to list the con- tents of the current device node. To get a listing of all the devices available in your system, use the following com- mands: 0 > ddeevv // 0 > llss Open Firmware has device aliases which are simple names for the full hardware path to a device (similar to aalliiaass in csh(1) ). You can find out what device aliases Apple created on your machine with the ddeevvaalliiaass command. For example, here are the devaliases on a PowerMacintosh 7300: 0 > ddeevvaalliiaass vci0 /chaos@F0000000 pci1 /bandit@F2000000 pci2 /bandit@F4000000 fd /bandit/gc/swim3 kbd /bandit/gc/via-cuda/adb/keyboard ttya /bandit/gc/escc/ch-a ttyb /bandit/gc/escc/ch-b enet /bandit/gc/mace scsi /bandit/gc/53c94 scsi-int /bandit/gc/mesh ok On most systems, you'll find the devices you're looking for. Typical aliases are: hd internal hard drive cd CD-ROM drive zip internal Zip drive enet ethernet fd floppy drive scsi SCSI bus scsi-int internal SCSI bus (on systems with multiple SCSI busses) ata ATA/IDE bus ideN ATA/IDE bus number N ultraN Ultra/66 or Ultra/100 IDE bus number N Note that some of these items are the device itself, and some are a bus. When you only have the devalias to a bus, you need to specify which device on that bus you want to use. You can use the Open Firmware ddeevv and llss commands. For example, here are the devices on the internal SCSI bus of a PowerMacintosh 7300: 0 > ddeevv ssccssii--iinntt 0 > llss FF83C850: /sd@0,0 FF83D480: /st@0,0 ok In this case, Open Firmware seems to be saying there are two devices, both at address zero (one is a SCSI disk `sd@0,0' and the other is a SCSI tape `st@0,0 ).' Unfortunately, older systems will only list the naming convention and not the actual devices currently connected, but that's OK -- we've got more tricks up our sleeve. If you've got ATA/IDE drives, you have all the device infor- mation you need (since Apple only ever ships drives as ``master'' which is typically something like ata-disk@0, ATA-Disk@0, atapi-disk, or disk@0 ). You can find out the devices on your SCSI bus with the sshhooww--cchhiillddrreenn command: 0 > ddeevv ssccssii--iinntt 0 > sshhooww--cchhiillddrreenn Target 0 Unit 0 Disk IBM DCAS-32160 S65A Target 3 Unit 0 Removable Read Only device SONY CD-ROM CDU-8005 1.0j ok Open Firmware calls SCSI IDs ``Target''. The ``Unit'' num- ber is the Logical Unit Number (LUN). This is almost always zero. Thus, this PowerMacintosh system has an IBM hard drive (DCAS-32160) at SCSI ID 0, and a Sony CD-ROM drive (CDU-8005) at SCSI ID 3. Now, we've got enough information to construct the device name for Open Firmware. Just stick everything together to describe to Open Firmware what you want. For example, Open Firmware calls the CD-ROM drive in this system scsi-int/sd@3. To determine if a device is bootable, type: 0 > ddeevv ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33 0 > wwoorrddss load write read seek close open write-blocks read-blocks max-transfer block-size dma-sync dma-map-out dma-map-in dma-free dma-alloc ok If the wwoorrdd ``open'' is present in the list, then the device is almost certainly bootable. Next, you need to figure out what partition Open Firmware thinks your bootloader is located on if you're going to boot from a disk. If you're using a ``partition zero'' boot- loader, the answer is obvious: 0. Thus, your boot-device for the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image on an Open Firmware 1.0.5 system would be scsi-int/sd@3:0 since the image has a `partition zero' bootloader. Other situations get a little trickier, as we know of no way to get a partition map from within Open Firmware, and it uses a different numbering scheme than either NetBSD or MacOS 9 (or earlier). You can use ppddiisskk to get a listing of the partitions on a disk. See the Partitioning HOW-TO for help: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##ppddiisskk Typically, MS-DOS and ISO9660 formatted disks have their file systems at partition 1. Typically, Drive Setup format- ted disks have their file systems starting at partition num- ber 9. Often, if you omit the partition number, Open Firmware looks in the first partition it understands holding a valid file system. Open Firmware uses a comma (,) to separate the partition number from the filename. It uses a backslash (the _\ char- acter) to separate directories. The bootloader uses forward slashes (the _/ character) to separate directories when spec- ifying the boot-file. Thus, to specify the top of the file system on a CD-ROM in the example PowerMacintosh 7300 sys- tem, you'd use: scsi-int/sd@3:,\ Now, to confirm that you and Open Firmware are looking at the same files, you can get a directory listing of the file system on your device with the ddiirr command. This command is only useful with file systems that Open Firmware understands and is able to boot from. On Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, and 2.0.x systems, you can use ddiirr on ISO9660 (not hybrid) and MS-DOS file systems. On Open Firmware 2.4, you can use it on HFS, HFS+, hybrid, ISO9960, and MS-DOS file systems. On Open Firmware 3, you can use it on HFS, HFS+, hybrid (not pure ISO9660), and MS-DOS file systems. The one exception to this rule is that Open Firmware cannot list files on a disk with a `partition zero' bootloader (including the NetBSD/macppc CD-R image and installation floppies). 0 > ddiirr ffdd::,,\\ FINDER .DAT 022 2 2B8 DESKTOP . 022 0 0 RESOURCE.FRK 012 3 0 NETBSD~1.GZ 020 5 1FDFCA TRASH . 010 B00 0 OFWBOOT .XCF 020 A75 D8F4 ok You can see that this MS-DOS formatted disk has a bunch of stuff, as well as the two important files: _N_E_T_B_S_D_~_1_._G_Z and _O_F_W_B_O_O_T_._X_C_F. Note that MacOS shortened _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z to _N_E_T_B_S_D_~_1_._G_Z since MS-DOS file systems can only natively hold 8 characters for the filename. _N_o_t_e_: Keep in mind that Open Firmware is often case-sensi- tive when it comes to filenames. _N_o_t_e_: You may need to append a _;_1 to the filename when using a ISO 9660 file system. This ``version number'' is part of the ISO 9660 specification and will show up in the directory listing if it is present on the disk. For example: 0 > bboooott ccdd::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF;;11 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC;;11 _N_o_t_e_: PowerPC 601 machines need to specify the _N_E_T_B_S_D_._6_0_1 kernel when booting from the install CD, and use the _k_e_r_n_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___6_0_1_._t_g_z and _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_I_N_S_T_A_L_L___6_0_1_._g_z ker- nels. If the ddiirr command showed you the files you're looking for, then you've figure out how to tell Open Firmware to look for your bootloader! In this case, your `boot-device' is `fd:,\OFWBOOT.XCF' and your `boot-file' is `fd:,/NETBSD~1.GZ'. For additional help, see ofwboot(8) and the FAQ on topics like how to use the Open Firmware command environment and how to boot from a device attached to a PCI card which has Open Firmware support: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##ooffww--uussee hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##bboooott--ppccii _E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s _o_f _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s Here are some examples of the commands you might use to boot your system: ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _C_D_-_R (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from CD-ROM (Apple usually sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 3): 0 > bboooott ccdd::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott ccdd::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..660011 0 > bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@33::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott aattaa//aattaappii--ddiisskk::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC 0 > bboooott iiddee11//ddiisskk@@00::00 NNEETTBBSSDD..MMAACCPPPPCC ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D_/_m_a_c_p_p_c _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _C_D_-_R (Open Firmware 3) 0 > bboooott ccdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd..mmaaccppppcc ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _i_n_s_t_a_l_l _f_l_o_p_p_i_e_s (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) The first floppy disk has a `partition zero' bootloader. When it has loaded the kernel, it will ask you to insert the second floppy disk. _N_o_t_e_: This is not a normal MacOS boot floppy -- you must enter Open Firmware and type a boot command. All you need to do is: 0 > bboooott ffdd::00 It is common to see ``READ TIMEOUT@'' from the floppy. This means that Open Firmware is having difficulty read- ing the media. See the section below on _C_o_m_m_o_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s _a_n_d _E_r_r_o_r _M_e_s_s_a_g_e_s for more information about this and what you can do to get a successful boot. You can eject a floppy by typing: 0 > eejjeecctt ffdd ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a_n _I_D_E _o_r _S_C_S_I _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _a_n _H_F_S _o_r _H_F_S_+ _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n (Open Firmware 2.4, Open Firmware 3) MacOS drives have several system-level partitions reserved for MacOS drivers. You may find that your first HFS or HFS+ partition might be as high as parti- tion 9. You may need to keep trying higher partition numbers until you find the one that has your bootloader. You can use ppddiisskk to print out your partition map: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ppaarrttiittiioonniinngg..hhttmmll##ppddiisskk You should use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to get a directory listing of the files on your hard drive. If bootloader is on a different partition from the NetBSD kernel, you will need to specify where to find the kernel. Remember, that SCSI Zip disks are usually ID 5 or 6. Internal hard drives are usually SCSI ID 0. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot the installer kernel located on an HFS or HFS+ partition: 0 > bboooott hhdd::99,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@00::99,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz 0 > bboooott iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::1100,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz 0 > bboooott uullttrraa11::99,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a _c_u_s_t_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M (All Open Firmware versions) Open Firmware doesn't understand long filenames (created with the RockRidge and Joliet extensions), so you may need to figure out what your file is called. You should use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to get a listing of the files on your CD. For instance, TTooaasstt for MacOS creates CDs with long filenames, but uses MS-DOS style short names as well. Instead of referencing _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C you would need to open _N_E_T_B_S_D_-_G_._E_N_E The mmkkiissooffss program has a similar problem, _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._g_z becomes _N_E_T_B_S_D_-_G_E_N_E_R_I_C___M_D_._G_Z. Another thing to note is that you _m_u_s_t use the same case when specifying the filename to load that Open Firmware uses. Also, keep in mind what format your CD-R has to be for your version of Open Firmware (pure ISO versus hybrid ISO/HFS). We'll assume that you've wisely renamed your kernel to _n_e_t_b_s_d_._g_z to avoid many of these name issues. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from CD-ROM (Apple usually sets their CD-ROM drives to SCSI ID 3): 0 > bboooott ccdd::,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd..ggzz 0 > bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@33::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@33::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ 0 > bboooott aattaa//aattaappii--ddiisskk::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ 0 > bboooott iiddee11//ddiisskk@@00::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD..GGZZ ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a_n _M_S_-_D_O_S _f_l_o_p_p_y (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) _N_o_t_e_: This is not a normal MacOS boot floppy -- you must enter Open Firmware and type a boot command. Use the Open Firmware ddiirr command to get a listing of the files on the floppy. Typically you'll find file- names like OFWBOOT.XCF and NETBSD~1.GZ. 0 > bboooott ffdd::,,\\OOFFWWBBOOOOTT..XXCCFF NNEETTBBSSDD~~11..GGZZ You can eject a floppy by typing: 0 > eejjeecctt ffdd ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _o_v_e_r _t_h_e _e_t_h_e_r_n_e_t (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) You can try the simple form (i.e. that you are booting from ethernet): 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff Or you may be more specific, specifying the bootloader filename and the kernel name: 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff eenneett::,,//nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz _N_o_t_e_: Some Open Firmware 1.0.5 machines have their MAC address stored incorrectly. Make sure that your netboot server is using the same MAC address that your macppc client is using. See the section on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D to figure out your MAC address. _N_o_t_e_: Some machines cannot load compressed kernels over ethernet. Uncompress them first. ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _o_v_e_r _t_h_e _e_t_h_e_r_n_e_t (Open Firmware 3) You can try the simple form (i.e. that you are booting from ethernet): 0 > bboooott eenneett::00 Or you may be more specific, specifying the bootloader filename and the kernel name: 0 > bboooott eenneett::00,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff eenneett::00,,//nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _a_n _I_D_E _o_r _S_C_S_I _d_r_i_v_e _w_i_t_h _a `_p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n _z_e_r_o' _b_o_o_t_l_o_a_d_e_r (Open Firmware 1.0.5, Open Firmware 1.1.22, Open Firmware 2.0.x, Open Firmware 2.4) You do not specify a file to load, since the `partition zero' bootloader knows what to do. You would boot such a system if you have dumped the CD-R image to your drive, or if you have an already-installed NetBSD/macppc system Remember, that SCSI Zip disks are usually ID 5 or 6. Internal hard drives are usually SCSI ID 0. Here are some examples of what you might use to boot from such a drive: 0 > bboooott zziipp::00 0 > bboooott ssccssii--iinntt//ssdd@@00::00 0 > bboooott ssccssii//ssdd@@00::00 0 > bboooott aattaa//aattaa--ddiisskk@@00::00 0 > bboooott aattaa//AATTAA--DDiisskk@@00::00 0 > bboooott iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::00 _E_x_a_m_p_l_e _o_f _a _n_o_r_m_a_l _b_o_o_t Of course, a lot of the information in this example depends on your model and what your boot method is, but we'll include this anyways just so you get an idea of what to expect (user-typed commands are in bboolldd). Apple PowerBook3,1 2.1f1 BootROM built on 01/29/00 at 22:38:07 Copyright 1994-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved Welcome to Open Firmware. To continue booting, type "mac-boot" and press return. To shut down, type "shut-down" and press return. ok 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff nneettbbssdd--GGEENNEERRIICC__MMDD..ggzz loading XCOFF tsize=C280 dsize=14AC bsize=2620 entry=600000 SECTIONS: .text 00600000 00600000 0000C280 000000E0 .data 0060D000 0060D000 000014AC 0000C360 .bss 0060E4B0 0060E4B0 00002620 00000000 loading .text, done.. loading .data, done.. clearing .bss, done.. >> NetBSD/macppc OpenFirmware Boot, Revision 1.3 >> (tsubai@mint.iri.co.jp, Sun Nov 26 01:41:27 JST 2000) 1701508+177748 [100+68176+55886]=0x1e9468 start=0x100000 Copyright (c) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1991, 1993 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. NetBSD 1.5.1 (INSTALL) #0: Thu Mar 15 00:52:56 PST 2001 mw@al:/usr/src/sys/arch/macppc/compile/INSTALL total memory = 192 MB avail memory = 172 MB using 2483 buffers containing 9932 KB of memory [...] erase ^H, werase ^W, kill ^U, intr ^C, status ^T Terminal type? [vt100] Erase is backspace. (I)nstall, (S)hell or (H)alt ? _C_o_m_m_o_n _P_r_o_b_l_e_m_s _a_n_d _E_r_r_o_r _M_e_s_s_a_g_e_s This is a brief list of some of the Open Firmware problems you may run into. See the NetBSD/macppc FAQ for a thorough list. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##bboooott--ttrroouubbllee _N_o_t_e_: You may find it necessary to remove all non-Apple devices from your machine. Some users have found this necessary. ++oo Black screen If your system is a PowerBook, NetBSD may have turned down the brightness of the backlight. Use the buttons to turn your brightness back up. Open Firmware 3.x and newer often won't setup the con- sole if you don't drop to a prompt, and NetBSD doesn't know how to setup the console itself. To get the system to boot when you have auto-boot? set to true, you can try this workaround. First, try one of the following commands: setenv boot-command " screen" output boot setenv boot-command ." screen" output boot setenv boot-command ." Booting NetBSD..." cr " screen" output boot You should follow the command with: reset-all This will cause Open Firmware to output some text to the screen prior to booting, thus forcing it to setup the console. Otherwise, you need a serial console. See the section entitled _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n ++oo Grey screen with flashing question mark This means that your system is trying to boot MacOS. You might get to this state if you didn't properly enter Open Firmware, or if your Open Firmware boot command has bad syntax. If you typed a bad boot command, Open Firmware tries to boot from the value stored in the boot-device variable, whose default value is the MacOS ROM. The grey screen with the icon is generated by the MacOS ROM. A flashing question-mark or broken folder means that your machine is looking for a bootable MacOS file system, but can't find one. A globe icon means that your machine is looking for a netboot server. A happy face or spinning disc means it's starting to boot MacOS. The boot floppy does not have a bootable MacOS file sys- tem, it has a bootable NetBSD file system. Reboot, re-enter Open Firmware and check your syntax carefully. _N_o_t_e_: Don't forget to check your Open Firmware environ- ment variables, as they may have been changed by your brief excursion into MacOS. ++oo Information on your screen seems garbled or out of sync If you have a PowerMacintosh 7300 through 8600, then you need to read the section on System Disk and the patches it applies. See the section entitled _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _S_y_s_t_e_m _P_r_e_p_a_r_a_t_i_o_n If you have a Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh, Open Firmware does not work with the internal display, you will need to set up a serial console. ++oo ``DEFAULT CATCH!'' This is a general message from Open Firmware to the effect that it had trouble loading a file. If your machine is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 2.0.x, or 2.4, this error does sometimes appear randomly. You might try the boot command a second time (this is known to work on some models). It's also an indication that either your floppy disk is bad, or the floppy drive is bad. Try doing a low-level format on the floppy, re- copy the files, and try again. There are several models that cannot be booted while using the on-board video and keyboard. Try using a serial console. ++oo ``CLAIM failed'' This is a general message from Open Firmware to the effect that it failed to allocate some memory or memory is messed up. First, make sure you have the Open Firmware variable load-base set correctly. If your system is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, or 2.4, see the section above on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D Do not change load-base on an Open Firmware 3 system. Reset your system and try using a different boot command (this is the only way some people have gotten their Open Firmware 2.4 systems to work): 0 > 00 bboooottrr bboooott--ddeevviiccee bboooott--ffiillee If you tried one boot command and it failed, then you tried a second and got the CLAIM failed message, then this is an indication that you should reboot between attempts. Use the Open Firmware rreesseett--aallll command. Contradictorily, if your machine is Open Firmware ver- sion 1.0.5, 2.0.x or 2.4, this error does sometimes appear randomly. You might try the boot command a sec- ond time (this is known to work on some models). There are several models that cannot be booted while using the on-board video and keyboard. Try using a serial console. ++oo ``can't OPEN'' Open Firmware either can't open the device you specified (because it is not present or the device path is mistyped) or the file you specified. Check your typing and check to make sure that the media has the files you think it has. Use the NetBSD ppddiisskk command to list the partition map and the Open Firmware ddiirr command to verify that the file(s) you tried accessing are really there. ++oo ``unrecognized Client Program formatstate not valid'' This is a general Open Firmware error message indicating that the filename you tried to open either doesn't exist or is in the wrong format. For Open Firmware 1 and 2 machines, it must be an XCOFF file (such as _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f) and for Open Firmware 3 machines, it must be either XCOFF or ELF (such as a kernel). Make sure that you have use binary mode to FTP the files, and that they are properly uncompressed. ++oo ``bad partition number, using 0no bootable HFS partition'' If you're trying to boot an Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, or 2.0.x system, this probably means that your media (i.e. hard drive or CD-ROM) has an HFS file system on it (such as a hybrid CD-R or a hard drive with MacOS parti- tions). ++oo ``READ TIMEOUT@'' Open Firmware is having trouble reading your floppy disk. Things to try: -- Try booting from the floppy again -- Try a different floppy disk -- Try writing the floppy on the same machine you're trying to boot -- Clean the floppy drive -- Use another boot method As disk drives get older, especially with portables, they can get a little bit out of alignment so that they do not consistently read disks written on other floppy drives. Strongly consider writing the floppies on the same machine that will be reading them. ++oo ``TFTP timeout'' Either the server's TFTP server isn't running, or you're using a model with Open Firmware 1.0.5 and not specify- ing the location of the bootloader. Unfortunately, on the early models, _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f gets confused and doesn't work right unless you load it explicitly from the boot-device, even if the bootp or DHCP server provides the correct information. You need to boot with a com- mand like: 0 > bboooott eenneett::,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff ++oo ``enet:,/netbsd.ram.gz: Inappropriate file type or format'' Some systems booting over ethernet can't load compressed kernels. Use gunzip(1) to uncompress the kernel before attempting to netboot. ++oo Bootloader hangs before the copyright notice and the kernel configuration You forgot to set real-base in Open Firmware or it got erased by your booting into MacOS. Make sure you have the Open Firmware variable real-base set correctly. If your system is Open Firmware version 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, or 2.4, see the section above on _S_e_t_t_i_n_g _u_p _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _1 _a_n_d _2 _t_o _b_o_o_t _N_e_t_B_S_D Do not set real-base on an Open Firmware 3 system. ++oo Hang after configuring devices, but before doing any- thing else Actually, this can have many causes. The most likely is a keyboard problem. First, try plugging the USB key- board directly into the computer (i.e. not through a hub) and unplugging the mouse. If you're trying a model that's not on the supported list (such as a new laptop model), they keyboard may not be supported yet. _M_i_l_e_s_t_o_n_e If you've reached this point, then you must've gotten the NetBSD installer to boot. Congratulations! That was the hard part. From now through the rest of this document, there should be no more Open Firmware specific problems, so read everything because it applies to all models. _R_u_n_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _s_y_s_i_n_s_t _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _p_r_o_g_r_a_m 1. _I_n_t_r_o_d_u_c_t_i_o_n Using ssyyssiinnsstt, installing NetBSD is a relatively easy process. Still, you should read this document and have it available during the installation process. This document tries to be a good guide to the installation, and as such, covers many details for the sake of com- pleteness. Do not let this discourage you; the install program is not hard to use. 2. _G_e_n_e_r_a_l The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while installing NetBSD on your hard disk. ssyyssiinnsstt is a menu driven program that guides you through the installation process. Sometimes questions will be asked, and in many cases the default answer will be displayed in brackets (``[ ]'') after the ques- tion. If you wish to stop the installation, you may press CONTROL-C at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation process again from scratch by running the _/_s_y_s_i_n_s_t program from the command prompt. It is not necessary to reboot. 3. _Q_u_i_c_k _i_n_s_t_a_l_l First, let's describe a quick install. The other sec- tions of this document go into the installation proce- dure in more detail, but you may find that you do not need this. If you want detailed instructions, skip to the next section. This section describes a basic installation, using a CD / DVD as the install media. ++oo What you need. -- The distribution sets (in this example, they are on the CD or DVD). -- Some form of bootable media, described above. -- A minimum of 16 MB of memory installed. -- An optical drive. -- A hard drive with at least 600 MB of free space for a complete base install, not including room for swap. If you wish to install the X Window System as well, you will need at least 225 MB more. ++oo The Quick Installation -- Boot the system as described above. You should be at the ssyyssiinnsstt main menu. .***********************************************. * NetBSD-9.1 Install System * * * *>a: Install NetBSD to hard disk * * b: Upgrade NetBSD on a hard disk * * c: Re-install sets or install additional sets * * d: Reboot the computer * * e: Utility menu * * f: Config menu * * x: Exit Install System * .***********************************************. -- If you wish, you can configure some network settings immediately by choosing the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and then CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk. It isn't actually required at this point, but it may be more convenient. Go back to the main menu. -- Choose UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu then RRuunn //bbiinn//sshh for Open Firmware 3 systems. You'll need to create the NetBSD filesystem(s) and an _f_s_t_a_b. Now exit the shell, return to the main menu, and choose RRee--iinnssttaallll. Choose IInnssttaallll for Open Firmware 1.0.5, 1.1.22, 2.0.x, and 2.4 systems. -- You will be guided through the setup of your disk. -- You will be asked to choose which distribution sets to install. -- When prompted, choose CCDD--RROOMM as the install medium if booted from CD-ROM. The default val- ues for the path and device should be ok. -- After the installation process has completed, you will be brought back to the main menu, where you should select RReebboooott.. -- Once the system reaches the Open Firmware prompt, you will need to type the correct com- mand to boot from your hard drive. -- NetBSD will now boot. If you didn't set a password for the root user when prompted by ssyyssiinnsstt, logging in as root and setting a pass- word should be your first task. You are also advised to read afterboot(8). 4. _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D You may want to read the boot messages, to notice your disk's name and capacity. Its name will be something like sd0 or wd0 and the geometry will be printed on a line that begins with its name. As mentioned above, you may need your disk's geometry when creating NetBSD's partitions. You will also need to know the name, to tell ssyyssiinnsstt which disk to use. The most important thing to know is that wd0 is NetBSD's name for your first IDE disk, wd1 the second, etc. sd0 is your first SCSI disk, sd1 the second, etc. Once NetBSD has booted and printed all the boot mes- sages, you will be presented with a welcome message and a main menu. It will also include instructions for using the menus. 5. _N_e_t_w_o_r_k _c_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_a_t_i_o_n If you do not intend to use networking during the installation, but you do want your machine to be con- figured for networking once it is installed, you should first go to the UUttiilliittyy mmeennuu and select the CCoonnffiigguurree nneettwwoorrkk option. If you only want to temporarily use networking during the installation, you can specify these parameters later. If you are not using the Domain Name System (DNS), you can give an empty response when asked to provide a server. 6. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _a _d_i_s_k _w_h_i_c_h _w_i_l_l _b_e _u_s_e_d _f_o_r _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _3 _s_y_s_t_e_m_s Skip this step if you are installing NetBSD on an Open Firmware 1 or 2 system. Go to the UUttiilliittyy MMeennuu, and select the RRuunn //bbiinn//sshh option which will give you a shell prompt. From this shell prompt, you will do some of the steps that the normal install procedure runs automatically. Unfortu- nately, at the moment, our install tools aren't smart enough to deal with drives with Apple Partition Maps and will overwrite important information describing your partitions. You may need to type one of the following commands to get your delete key to work properly, depending on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' Type the following command (replacing _w_d_0 with the name of your destination hard drive): # ddiisskkllaabbeell wwdd00 This will print out the partition info that was gener- ated by ppddiisskk, Drive Setup, or Disk Utility. Note that, as discussed above in the _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_r_i_v_e _f_o_r _N_e_t_B_S_D section, your _A_/_U_X _R_o_o_t typically is the first partition (_a) and your _A_/_U_X _S_w_a_p typically is the second partition (_b). You may also find that your _A_/_U_X _U_s_e_r partition is the seventh partition (_g). For example: # ddiisskkllaabbeell wwdd00 [...] # size offset fstype [fsize bsize cpg/sgs] a: 426613 837432 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 1622*- 2449*) b: 204800 632632 swap # (Cyl. 1226*- 1622*) c: 2134305 0 unused 0 0 # (Cyl. 0 - 4136*) d: 426616 1216 HFS # (Cyl. 2*- 829*) e: 204800 427832 HFS # (Cyl. 829*- 1226*) f: 21 2134284 unknown # (Cyl. 4136*- 4136*) g: 870239 1264045 4.2BSD 0 0 0 # (Cyl. 2449*- 4136*) disklabel: boot block size 0 disklabel: super block size 0 Now, you need to create file systems on the partitions that NetBSD will be using. _D_o _n_o_t _m_o_d_i_f_y _a_n_y _p_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_s _l_a_b_e_l_e_d _H_F_S, _U_F_S, _o_r _u_n_k_n_o_w_n. The partitions you will be using have their _f_s_t_y_p_e listed as _4_._2_B_S_D. Run the nneewwffss command on the _4_._2_B_S_D partitions: # nneewwffss //ddeevv//wwdd00aa newfs: /dev/wd0a: not a character-special device Warning: 120 sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated /dev/wd0a: 426612 sectors in 827 cylinders of 4 tracks, 129 sectors 208.3MB in 52 cyl groups (16 c/g, 4.03MB/g, 1024 i/g) super-block backups (for fsck -b #) at: 32, 8432, 16832, 25232, 33056, 41456, 49856, 58256, 66080, 74480, 82880, 91280, 99104, 107504, 115904, 124304, 132128, 140528, 148928, 157328, 165152, 173552, 181952, 190352, 198176, 206576, 214976, 223376, 231200, 239600, 248000, 256400, 264224, 272624, 281024, 289424, 297248, 305648, 314048, 322448, 330272, 338672, 347072, 355472, 363296, 371696, 380096, 388496, 396320, 404720, 413120, 421520, newfs: ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument newfs: /dev/wd0a: can't rewrite disk label You can ignore the _~ `not a character-special device', _~ `sector(s) in last cylinder unallocated', _~ `ioctl (WDINFO): Invalid argument', and _~ `can't rewrite disk label' warnings. Now you need to mount your destination root partition: # mmoouunntt //ddeevv//wwdd00aa //mmnntt Make an _f_s_t_a_b file for your new system (right now, you only really need to include _/, _/_u_s_r, and _s_w_a_p), for example: # mmkkddiirr //mmnntt//eettcc # ccaatt >> //mmnntt//eettcc//ffssttaabb /dev/wd0a / ffs rw 1 1 /dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/wd0g /usr ffs rw 1 2 If you mess up while typing, you can press CONTROL-U to erase everything on the current line, or CONTROL-C to cancel the file creation, so you can start over. CONTROL-D finishes and writes the file to disk. Great, now create the mountpoints for the file systems you listed in the _f_s_t_a_b: # mmkkddiirr //mmnntt//uussrr Clean up and return to ssyyssiinnsstt: # ccdd // # uummoouunntt //mmnntt # eexxiitt 7. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _d_r_i_v_e _s_e_l_e_c_t_i_o_n _a_n_d _p_a_r_a_m_e_t_e_r_s To start the installation onto a dedicated NetBSD drive (Open Firmware 1 or 2), select IInnssttaallll NNeettBBSSDD ttoo hhaarrdd ddiisskk from the main menu. To start the installation onto a drive with an Apple Partition Map (Open Firmware 3), select RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss from the main menu. The first thing is to identify the disk on which you want to install NetBSD. ssyyssiinnsstt will report a list of disks it finds and ask you for your selection. You should see disk names like wd0, wd1, sd0 or sd1. If ssyyssiinnsstt reports I can not find any hard disk for use by NetBSD or the drive you wish to install onto is missing, then you should look at the _F_A_Q _e_n_t_r_y_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##nnooddiisskk. 8. _S_e_l_e_c_t_i_n_g _w_h_i_c_h _s_e_t_s _t_o _i_n_s_t_a_l_l The next step is to choose which distribution sets you wish to install. Options are provided for full, mini- mal, and custom installations. If you choose sets on your own, bbaassee, eettcc, and a kernel must be selected. 9. _P_a_r_t_i_t_i_o_n_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_k You can skip a few steps, down to `_G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s', if you are installing onto a drive with an Apple Partition Map (Open Firmware 3), i.e., you selected RRee--iinnssttaallll sseettss oorr iinnssttaallll aaddddiittiioonnaall sseettss from the main menu. 10. _E_d_i_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _N_e_t_B_S_D _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l The partition table of the NetBSD part of a disk is called a _d_i_s_k_l_a_b_e_l. In actuality, NetBSD/macppc uses an Apple Partition Map. The installer creates some- thing like a real Apple Partition Map, but it is not compatible with Mac OS or Open Firmware, which is one of the reasons why you cannot use this installer to partition a disk that can be used with Mac OS or Open Firmware 3 systems. If your disk already has a disklabel written to it, you can choose UUssee eexxiissttiinngg ppaarrttiittiioonn ssiizzeess. Otherwise, select SSeett ssiizzeess ooff NNeettBBSSDD ppaarrttiittiioonnss. After you have chosen your partitions and their sizes (or if you opted to use the existing partitions), you will be presented with the layout of the NetBSD diskla- bel and given one more chance to change it. For each partition, you can set the type, offset and size, block and fragment size, and the mount point. The type that NetBSD uses for normal file storage is called 44..22BBSSDD. A swap partition has a special type called sswwaapp. Some partitions in the disklabel have a fixed purpose. a Root partition (_/) b Swap partition. c The entire disk. d-p Available for other use. Traditionally, g is the partition mounted on _/_u_s_r, but this is historical practice and not a fixed value. You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The default response will be ok for most purposes. If you choose to name it something different, make sure the name is a single word and contains no special char- acters. You don't need to remember this name. 11. _P_r_e_p_a_r_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _h_a_r_d _d_i_s_k _Y_o_u _a_r_e _n_o_w _a_t _t_h_e _p_o_i_n_t _o_f _n_o _r_e_t_u_r_n. Nothing has been written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified. If you are sure you want to proceed, select yyeess. The install program will now label your disk and create the file systems you specified. The file systems will be initialized to contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files. You will see messages on your screen from the various NetBSD disk preparation tools that are running. There should be no errors in this section of the installation. If there are, restart from the beginning of the installation process. Other- wise, you can continue the installation program after pressing the return key. _N_o_t_e_: The bootstrapping code installed in this step will _n_o_t boot a machine with Open Firmware 3. You will still need to have _o_f_w_b_o_o_t_._x_c_f on an HFS or HFS+ partition. 12. _G_e_t_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s The NetBSD distribution consists of a number of _s_e_t_s that come in the form of gzipped tar files. At this point, you will be presented with a menu which enables you to choose from one of the following methods of installing the sets. Some of these methods will first transfer the sets to your hard disk, others will extract the sets directly. For all these methods, the first step is to make the sets available for extraction. The sets can be made available in a few different ways. The following sec- tions describe each of the methods. After reading about the method you will be using, you can continue to the section labeled `Extracting the distribution sets'. 13. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _C_D_-_R_O_M When installing from a CD-ROM, you will be asked to specify the device name for your CD-ROM drive (usually cd0) and the directory name on the CD-ROM where the distribution files are. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check that the files are actually present in the specified location and proceed to the extraction of the sets. 14. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _F_T_P To install using ftp, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will help you with this, asking if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from, the directory on that host, the account name and password used to log into that host using ftp, and optionally a proxy server to use. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to spec- ify an IP address instead of a hostname for the ftp server. ssyyssiinnsstt will then transfer the set files from the remote site to your hard disk. 15. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _u_s_i_n_g _N_F_S To install using NFS, you first need to configure your network setup if you haven't already done so. ssyyssiinnsstt will do this for you, asking you if you want to use DHCP. If you do not use DHCP, you can enter network configuration details yourself. If you do not have DNS set up for the machine that you are installing on, you can just press RETURN in answer to this question, and DNS will not be used. You will also be asked to specify the host that you want to transfer the sets from and the directory on that host that the files are in. This directory should be mountable by the machine you are installing on, i.e., correctly exported to your machine. If you did not set up DNS, you will need to specify an IP address instead of a hostname for the NFS server. 16. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a_n _u_n_m_o_u_n_t_e_d _f_i_l_e _s_y_s_t_e_m In order to install from a local file system, you will need to specify the device that the file system resides on (for example wd1e), the type of the file system, and the directory on the specified file system where the sets are located. ssyyssiinnsstt will then check if it can indeed access the sets at that location. Remember, NetBSD/macppc doesn't grok HFS or HFS+ partitions 17. _I_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n _f_r_o_m _a _l_o_c_a_l _d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y This option assumes that you have already done some preparation yourself. The sets should be located in a directory on a file system that is already accessible. ssyyssiinnsstt will ask you for the name of this directory. 18. _E_x_t_r_a_c_t_i_n_g _t_h_e _d_i_s_t_r_i_b_u_t_i_o_n _s_e_t_s A progress bar will be displayed while the distribution sets are being extracted. After all the files have been extracted, the device node files will be created. If you have already con- figured networking, you will be asked if you want to use this configuration for normal operation. If so, these values will be installed in the network configu- ration files. 19. _C_o_n_f_i_g_u_r_e _a_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _i_t_e_m_s The next menu will allow you to select a number of additional items to configure, including the time zone that you're in, to make sure your clock has the right offset from UTC, the root user's shell, and the initial root password. You can also enable installation of binary packages, which installs the pkgin(1) tool for managing binary packages for third-party software. This will feel familiar to users of package tools such as aapptt--ggeett or yyuumm. If you prefer to install third-party software from source, you can install the pkgsrc(7) tree. Finally, you can enable some daemons such as sshd(8), ntpd(8), or mdnsd(8). 20. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _y_o_u_r _i_n_s_t_a_l_l_a_t_i_o_n Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 9.1. _F_i_n_a_l_i_z_i_n_g _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _s_e_t_t_i_n_g_s Now, you can reboot to get to the Open Firmware prompt. You still need to figure out how to get Open Firmware to boot the operating system(s) of your choice. First, try to get NetBSD/macppc running. Using the methods described in the section _E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s _o_f _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _b_o_o_t _c_o_m_m_a_n_d_s figure out the boot command for your installation of NetBSD. Try boot- ing. Once you've got the syntax worked out, decide which operating systems you'll be using regularly. ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _e_x_c_l_u_s_i_v_e_l_y If you'll only be using NetBSD on your macppc system, then simply set the Open Firmware `boot-device' and `boot-file' variables to the values you just determined. Also, you might want to enable the system to always boot NetBSD when powered on or reset. Once you set up auto- booting you can get to the Open Firmware prompt again by using the shutdown(8) command to halt the system. If you are not using a `partition zero' style boot scheme (e.g. Open Firmware 3 models), then you would type something like the following: 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ttrruuee 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ddeevviiccee iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::88,,\\ooffwwbboooott..xxccff 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ffiillee iiddee00//ddiisskk@@00::1133,,//nneettbbssdd 0 > rreesseett--aallll The last command resets the system so that these set- tings are stored. If you are using a `partition zero' style boot scheme, you would type something like the following: 0 > sseetteennvv aauuttoo--bboooott?? ttrruuee 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ddeevviiccee ssccssii//ssdd@@00::00 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ffiillee nneettbbssdd 0 > rreesseett--aallll Replace ssccssii//ssdd@@00::00 with the actual device you will be booting from. ++oo _A_d_d_i_t_i_o_n_a_l _O_p_e_n _F_i_r_m_w_a_r_e _t_i_p_s If you find that your system tries booting before your hard drive has spun up, try one of the two following `boot-command' settings: 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ccoommmmaanndd ccaattcchh 55000000 mmss bboooott 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ccoommmmaanndd bbeeggiinn [['']] bboooott ccaattcchh 11000000 mmss ccrr aaggaaiinn Also, you may be able to pause a system at the Open Firmware prompt if you have `auto-boot?' set to `true' by holding down any key while the system is resetting. Set the following `boot-command' (this may not work on system with Open Firmware 1.0.5) (this method should interrupt booting, even when holding down any key while using a serial console): 0 > sseetteennvv bboooott--ccoommmmaanndd kkeeyy?? iinnvveerrtt iiff bboooott tthheenn ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n Alas, this takes a little more work. Usually, when you select a system to boot in the ``Startup Disk'' panel of the ``System Preferences'' application, it stores the Open Firmware path to that device in the `boot-device' variable. So, instead of writing the NetBSD device path to Open Firmware, you'll store the paths to your operat- ing systems in NVRAM. Open Firmware cannot deal with nested ddeevvaalliiaass entries. You must, therefore, enter the _e_n_t_i_r_e path to your device. See the NetBSD/macppc nnvveeddiitt HOW-TO for more help: hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//nnvveeddiitt..hhttmmll 0 > pprriinntteennvv bboooott--ddeevviiccee boot-device /pci@f2000000/mac-io@17/ata-4@1f000/@0:10,\\:tbxi ok 0 > nnvvaalliiaass oossxx //ppccii@@ff22000000000000//mmaacc--iioo@@1177//aattaa--44@@11ff000000//@@00::1100,,\\\\::ttbbxxii 0 > nnvvaalliiaass bbssdd //ppccii@@ff22000000000000//mmaacc--iioo@@1177//aattaa--44@@11ff000000//@@00::99,,ooffwwbboooott..xxccff 0 > nnvvssttoorree 0 > sseetteennvv uussee--nnvvrraammrrcc?? ttrruuee 0 > rreesseett--aallll Now, when the system is reset, it will stop at the Open Firmware prompt and you can type one of the following to boot an operating system: 0 > bboooott oossxx 0 > bboooott bbssdd ++oo _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _9 _o_r _e_a_r_l_i_e_r For Open Firmware 3 systems, the procedure is identical to the section above on _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n For older systems, you're in for more hassle. Booting an Open Firmware 1.0.5, 2.0.x, or 2.4 system into MacOS 9 or earlier will erase some or all of your Open Firmware settings. Try it and see which Open Firmware variables survive. If only `real-base' is lost, you can compile a kernel that does not require changing the `real-base'. Just build a kernel that is less than 4 MB uncompressed. This is easy if you remove all of the USB devices from the config file. Once you've got a smaller kernel, just follow the procedure in the section above on _B_o_o_t_i_n_g _N_e_t_B_S_D _a_n_d _M_a_c_O_S _X _o_r _D_a_r_w_i_n If everything is lost when you boot into MacOS 9 or ear- lier, you will need to make a custom BootVars configura- tion that you run before trying to boot NetBSD/macppc since System Disk does not preserve enough information when it saves a configuration. 1. If your system supports System Disk, run it and click ``Save'' to install the NVRAMRC patches. 2. Run BootVars, click the ``All Variables'' button. 3. Fill in `real-base', `boot-device', `boot-file', `input-device', and `output-device'. 4. From the ``File'' menu, pick ``Save''. When you run this file, it will load BootVars with all your settings. To boot NetBSD click the ``Write&reboot'' button. 5. Now your system will always boot NetBSD. To boot MacOS, use the shutdown(8) command to halt the sys- tem at the Open Firmware prompt and use the Open Firmware ``bye'' or ``mac-boot'' command to boot MacOS. ++oo _O_t_h_e_r _b_o_o_t _t_e_c_h_n_i_q_u_e_s See the FAQ for some vague information on how to use the Linux yyaabboooott system to boot NetBSD. hhttttpp::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppoorrttss//mmaaccppppcc//ffaaqq..hhttmmll##yyaabboooott PPoosstt iinnssttaallllaattiioonn sstteeppss Once you've got the operating system running, there are a few things you need to do in order to bring the system into a properly configured state. The most important steps are described below. 1. Before all else, read postinstall(8). 2. Configuring _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f If you or the installation software haven't done any configuration of _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f (ssyyssiinnsstt normally will), the system will drop you into single user mode on first reboot with the message /etc/rc.conf is not configured. Multiuser boot aborted. and with the root file system (_/) mounted read-only. When the system asks you to choose a shell, simply press RETURN to get to a _/_b_i_n_/_s_h prompt. If you are asked for a terminal type, respond with vvtt110000 (or what- ever is appropriate for your terminal type) and press RETURN. You may need to type one of the following com- mands to get your delete key to work properly, depend- ing on your keyboard: # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^hh'' # ssttttyy eerraassee ''^^??'' At this point, you need to configure at least one file in the _/_e_t_c directory. You will need to mount your root file system read/write with: # //ssbbiinn//mmoouunntt --uu --ww // Change to the _/_e_t_c directory and take a look at the _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f file. Modify it to your tastes, making sure that you set rc_configured=YES so that your changes will be enabled and a multi-user boot can pro- ceed. Default values for the various programs can be found in _/_e_t_c_/_d_e_f_a_u_l_t_s_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, where some in-line doc- umentation may be found. More complete documentation can be found in rc.conf(5). When you have finished editing _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f, type eexxiitt at the prompt to leave the single-user shell and con- tinue with the multi-user boot. Other values that may need to be set in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f for a networked environment are _h_o_s_t_n_a_m_e and possibly _d_e_f_a_u_l_t_r_o_u_t_e. You may also need to add an _i_f_c_o_n_f_i_g___i_n_t for your network interface, where your on-board interfaces may be one of mc0, bm0, tlp0 or gem0. For example: ifconfig_mc0="inet 192.0.2.123 netmask 255.255.255.0" or, if you have _m_y_n_a_m_e_._m_y_._d_o_m in _/_e_t_c_/_h_o_s_t_s: ifconfig_mc0="inet myname.my.dom netmask 255.255.255.0" To enable proper hostname resolution, you will also want to add an _/_e_t_c_/_r_e_s_o_l_v_._c_o_n_f file or (if you are feeling a little more adventurous) run named(8). See resolv.conf(5) or named(8) for more information. Instead of manually configuring networking, DHCP can be used by setting dhcpcd=YES in _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._c_o_n_f. 3. Logging in After reboot, you can log in as root at the login prompt. If you didn't set a password in ssyyssiinnsstt, there is no initial password. You should create an account for yourself (see below) and protect it and the ``root'' account with good passwords. By default, root login from the network is disabled (even via ssh(1)). One way to become root over the network is to log in as a different user that belongs to group ``wheel'' (see group(5)) and use su(1) to become root. 4. Adding accounts Use the useradd(8) command to add accounts to your sys- tem. Do not edit _/_e_t_c_/_p_a_s_s_w_d directly! See vipw(8) and pwd_mkdb(8) if you want to edit the password database. 5. The X Window System If you installed the X Window System, you may want to read the chapter about X in the _N_e_t_B_S_D _G_u_i_d_e_: hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//gguuiiddee//eenn//cchhaapp--xx..hhttmmll: 6. Installing third party packages If you wish to install any of the software freely available for UNIX-like systems you are strongly advised to first check the NetBSD package system, pkgsrc. pkgsrc automatically handles any changes nec- essary to make the software run on NetBSD. This includes the retrieval and installation of any other packages the software may depend upon. ++oo More information on the package system is available at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddooccss//ssooffttwwaarree//ppaacckkaaggeess..hhttmmll ++oo A list of available packages suitable for browsing is at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ccuurrrreenntt//ppkkggssrrcc//RREEAADDMMEE..hhttmmll ++oo Precompiled binaries can be found at hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppaacckkaaggeess//NNeettBBSSDD// usually in the _m_a_c_p_p_c_/_9_._1_/_A_l_l subdir. If you installed pkgin(1) in the ssyyssiinnsstt post-installation configuration menu, you can use it to automatically install binary packages over the network. Assuming that _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_/_e_t_c_/_p_k_g_i_n_/_r_e_p_o_s_i_t_o_r_i_e_s_._c_o_n_f is cor- rectly configured, you can install them with the following commands: ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ttccsshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll bbaasshh ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ppeerrll ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll aappaacchhee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll kkddee ## ppkkggiinn iinnssttaallll ffiirreeffooxx ... _N_o_t_e_: Some mirror sites don't mirror the _/_p_u_b_/_p_k_g_s_r_c directory. The above commands will install the Tenex-csh and Bourne Again shells, the Perl programming language, Apache web server, KDE desktop environment and the Firefox web browser as well as all the packages they depend on. ++oo If you did not install it from the ssyyssiinnsstt post- installation configuration menu, the pkgsrc(7) framework for compiling packages can be obtained by retrieving the file hhttttppss::////ccddnn..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ppuubb//ppkkggssrrcc//ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz. It is typically extracted into _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c (though other locations work fine) with the commands: # ccdd //uussrr # ttaarr --zzxxppff ppkkggssrrcc..ttaarr..ggzz After extracting, see the _d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t file in the extraction directory (e.g., _/_u_s_r_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_/_d_o_c_/_p_k_g_s_r_c_._t_x_t) for more information. 7. Misc ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_m_a_i_l_/_a_l_i_a_s_e_s to forward root mail to the right place. Don't forget to run newaliases(1) afterwards. ++oo Edit _/_e_t_c_/_r_c_._l_o_c_a_l to run any local daemons you use. ++oo Many of the _/_e_t_c files are documented in section 5 of the manual; so just invoking # mmaann 55 _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e is likely to give you more information on these files. UUppggrraaddiinngg aa pprreevviioouussllyy--iinnssttaalllleedd NNeettBBSSDD SSyysstteemm The easiest way to upgrade to NetBSD 9.1 is with binaries, and that is the method documented here. To do the upgrade, you must boot the install kernel using one of the methods described above. You must also have at least the bbaassee and kkeerrnn binary distribution sets available. Finally, you must have sufficient disk space available to install the new binaries. Since files already installed on the system are overwritten in place, you only need addi- tional free space for files which weren't previously installed or to account for growth of the sets between releases. Since upgrading involves replacing the kernel, boot blocks, and most of the system binaries, it has the potential to cause data loss. You are strongly advised to _b_a_c_k _u_p any important data on the NetBSD partition or on another operat- ing system's partition on your disk before beginning the upgrade process. Since installation of the bootloader will prevent Mac OS from using the disk and will prevent Open Firmware 3 machines from booting, there is an option to bypass this step. Make sure you know whether or not to install the bootloader. The upgrade procedure is similar to an installation, but without the hard disk partitioning. Fetching the binary sets is done in the same manner as the installation procedure; refer to the installation part of the document for help. File systems are checked before unpacking the sets. After a new kernel has been copied to your hard disk, your machine is a complete NetBSD 9.1 system. However, that doesn't mean that you're finished with the upgrade process. You will probably want to update the set of device nodes you have in _/_d_e_v. If you've changed the contents of _/_d_e_v by hand, you will need to be careful about this, but if not, you can just cd into _/_d_e_v, and run the command: # sshh MMAAKKEEDDEEVV aallll ssyyssiinnsstt will attempt to merge the settings stored in your _/_e_t_c directory with the new version of NetBSD using the postinstall(8) utility. However, postinstall(8) is only able to deal with changes that are easily automated. It is recommended that you use the etcupdate(8) tool to merge any remaining configuration changes. CCoommppaattiibbiilliittyy IIssssuueess WWiitthh PPrreevviioouuss NNeettBBSSDD RReelleeaasseess Users upgrading from previous versions of NetBSD may wish to bear the following problems and compatibility issues in mind when upgrading to NetBSD 9.1. Note that ssyyssiinnsstt will automatically invoke postinstall fix and thus all issues that are fixed by ppoossttiinnssttaallll by default will be handled. A number of things have been removed from the NetBSD 9.1 release. See the ``Components removed from NetBSD'' section near the beginning of this document for a list. UUssiinngg oonnlliinnee NNeettBBSSDD ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn Documentation is available if you installed the manual dis- tribution set. Traditionally, the ``man pages'' (documenta- tion) are denoted by `name(section)'. Some examples of this are ++oo intro(1), ++oo man(1), ++oo apropos(1), ++oo passwd(1), and ++oo passwd(5). The section numbers group the topics into several cate- gories, but three are of primary interest: user commands are in section 1, file formats are in section 5, and administra- tive information is in section 8. The _m_a_n command is used to view the documentation on a topic, and is started by entering mmaann [_s_e_c_t_i_o_n] _t_o_p_i_c. The brackets [] around the section should not be entered, but rather indicate that the section is optional. If you don't ask for a particular section, the topic with the lowest num- bered section name will be displayed. For instance, after logging in, enter # mmaann ppaasssswwdd to read the documentation for passwd(1). To view the docu- mentation for passwd(5), enter # mmaann 55 ppaasssswwdd instead. If you are unsure of what man page you are looking for, enter # aapprrooppooss _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d where _s_u_b_j_e_c_t_-_w_o_r_d is your topic of interest; a list of pos- sibly related man pages will be displayed. AAddmmiinniissttrriivviiaa If you've got something to say, do so! We'd like your input. There are various mailing lists available via the mailing list server at _m_a_j_o_r_d_o_m_o_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. See hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// for details. There are various mailing lists set up to deal with comments and questions about this release. Please send comments to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_c_o_m_m_e_n_t_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. To report bugs, use the send-pr(1) command shipped with NetBSD, and fill in as much information about the problem as you can. Good bug reports include lots of details. Bugs also can be submitted and queried with the web inter- face at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ssuuppppoorrtt//sseenndd--pprr..hhttmmll There are also port-specific mailing lists, to discuss aspects of each port of NetBSD. Use majordomo to find their addresses, or visit hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//mmaaiilliinngglliissttss// If you're interested in doing a serious amount of work on a specific port, you probably should contact the `owner' of that port (listed below). If you'd like to help with NetBSD, and have an idea as to how you could be useful, send us mail or subscribe to: _n_e_t_b_s_d_-_u_s_e_r_s_@_N_e_t_B_S_D_._o_r_g. As a favor, please avoid mailing huge documents or files to these mailing lists. Instead, put the material you would have sent up for FTP or WWW somewhere, then mail the appro- priate list about it. If you'd rather not do that, mail the list saying you'll send the data to those who want it. TThhaannkkss ggoo ttoo ++oo The former members of UCB's Computer Systems Research Group, including (but not limited to): Keith Bostic Ralph Campbell Mike Karels Marshall Kirk McKusick for their work on BSD systems, support, and encourage- ment. ++oo The Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. for hosting the NetBSD FTP, CVS, AnonCVS, mail, mail archive, GNATS, SUP, Rsync and WWW servers. ++oo The Internet Research Institute in Japan for hosting the server which runs the CVSweb interface to the NetBSD source tree. ++oo The Columbia University Computer Science Department for hosting the build cluster. ++oo The many organizations that provide NetBSD mirror sites. ++oo Without CVS, this project would be impossible to manage, so our hats go off to Brian Berliner, Jeff Polk, and the various other people who've had a hand in making CVS a useful tool. ++oo We list the individuals and organizations that have made donations or loans of hardware and/or money, to support NetBSD development, and deserve credit for it at hhttttppss::////wwwwww..NNeettBBSSDD..oorrgg//ddoonnaattiioonnss// (If you're not on that list and should be, tell us! We probably were not able to get in touch with you, to ver- ify that you wanted to be listed.) ++oo Finally, we thank all of the people who've put sweat and tears into developing NetBSD since its inception in Jan- uary, 1993. (Obviously, there are a lot more people who deserve thanks here. If you're one of them, and would like to be mentioned, tell us!) LLeeggaall MMuummbboo--JJuummbboo All product names mentioned herein are trademarks or regis- tered trademarks of their respective owners. The following notices are required to satisfy the license terms of the software that we have mentioned in this docu- ment: NetBSD is a registered trademark of The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the NetBSD Foun- dation. This product includes software developed by The NetBSD Foun- dation, Inc. and its contributors. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project. See https://www.NetBSD.org/ for information about NetBSD. This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software designed by William Allen Simpson. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa. This product includes software developed at Ludd, University of Luleoa, Sweden and its contributors. This product includes software developed at the Information Technology Division, US Naval Research Laboratory. This product includes software developed by Aaron Brown and Harvard University. This product includes software developed by Adam Ciarcinski for the NetBSD project. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass. This product includes software developed by Adam Glass and Charles M. Hannum. This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda. This product includes software developed by Alex Zepeda, and Colin Wood for the NetBSD Projet. This product includes software developed by Allen Briggs. This product includes software developed by Amancio Hasty and Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Ben Gray. This product includes software developed by Berkeley Soft- ware Design, Inc. This product includes software developed by Bill Paul. This product includes software developed by Boris Popov. This product includes software developed by Brini. This product includes software developed by Bruce M. Simp- son. This product includes software developed by Causality Lim- ited. This product includes software developed by Charles Hannum. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Han- num. This product includes software developed by Charles M. Han- num, by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps. This product includes software developed by Christian E. Hopps, Ezra Story, Kari Mettinen, Markus Wild, Lutz Vieweg and Michael Teske. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed by Christopher G. Demetriou for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Chuck Silvers. This product includes software developed by Cisco Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed by Colin Wood. This product includes software developed by Colin Wood for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Computing Ser- vices at Carnegie Mellon University (http://www.cmu.edu/com- puting/). This product includes software developed by Daan Vreeken. This product includes software developed by Daishi Kato This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk and Michael L. Hitch. This product includes software developed by Daniel Widenfalk for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by David Jones and Gordon Ross This product includes software developed by David Miller. This product includes software developed by Dean Huxley. This product includes software developed by Emmanuel Dreyfus This product includes software developed by Eric S. Hvozda. This product includes software developed by Eric S. Raymond This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@cryptsoft.com) This product includes software developed by Eric Young (eay@mincom.oz.au) This product includes software developed by Ezra Story. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story and by Kari Mettinen. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen and by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, and Michael Teske. This product includes software developed by Ezra Story, by Kari Mettinen, Michael Teske and by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed by Frank van der Linden for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Gardner Buchanan. This product includes software developed by Garrett D'Amore. This product includes software developed by Gary Thomas. This product includes software developed by Gordon Ross This product includes software developed by Harvard Univer- sity. This product includes software developed by Harvard Univer- sity and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Hellmuth Michaelis and Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by Henrik Vester- gaard Draboel. This product includes software developed by Herb Peyerl. This product includes software developed by Hidetoshi Shimokawa. This product includes software developed by Hubert Feyrer for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Ian W. Dall. This product includes software developed by Intel Corpora- tion and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Internet Initia- tive Japan Inc. This product includes software developed by Internet Research Institute, Inc. This product includes software developed by James R. Maynard III. This product includes software developed by Jared D. McNeill. This product includes software developed by Jason L. Wright This product includes software developed by Jason R. Thorpe for And Communications, http://www.and.com/ This product includes software developed by Joachim Koenig- Baltes. This product includes software developed by Jochen Pohl for The NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Joerg Wunsch This product includes software developed by John Birrell. This product includes software developed by John P. Wit- tkoski. This product includes software developed by John Polstra. This product includes software developed by Jonathan R. Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone and Jason R. Thorpe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Jonathan Stone for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Julian High- field. This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi This product includes software developed by K. Kobayashi and H. Shimokawa This product includes software developed by Kazuhisa Shimizu. This product includes software developed by Kazuki Sakamoto. This product includes software developed by Kenneth Stailey. This product includes software developed by Kiyoshi Ikehara. This product includes software developed by Klaus Burkert,by Bernd Ernesti, by Michael van Elst, and by the University of California, Berkeley and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Kyma Systems. This product includes software developed by Leo Weppelman and Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by Lloyd Parkes. This product includes software developed by Lutz Vieweg. This product includes software developed by Marc Horowitz. This product includes software developed by Marcus Comstedt. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe. This product includes software developed by Mark Brinicombe for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Mark Tinguely and Jim Lowe This product includes software developed by Markus Wild. This product includes software developed by Marshall M. Mid- den. This product includes software developed by Masanobu Saitoh. This product includes software developed by Masaru Oki. This product includes software developed by Matt DeBergalis This product includes software developed by Matthew Fre- dette. This product includes software developed by Michael Smith. This product includes software developed by Microsoft This product includes software developed by Mika Kortelainen This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard. This product includes software developed by Mike Pritchard and contributors. This product includes software developed by Minoura Makoto. This product includes software developed by MINOURA Makoto, Takuya Harakawa. This product includes software developed by Niels Provos. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hal- lqvist. This product includes software developed by Niklas Hal- lqvist, Brandon Creighton and Job de Haas. This product includes software developed by Paolo Abeni. This product includes software developed by Paul Kranenburg. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras. This product includes software developed by Paul Mackerras . This product includes software developed by Pedro Roque Mar- ques This product includes software developed by Per Fogelstrom. This product includes software developed by Peter Galbavy. This product includes software developed by Phase One, Inc. This product includes software developed by Philip A. Nel- son. This product includes software developed by QUALCOMM Incor- porated. This product includes software developed by RiscBSD. This product includes software developed by Roar Thronaes. This product includes software developed by Rodney W. Grimes. This product includes software developed by Roger Hardiman This product includes software developed by Rolf Grossmann. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey. This product includes software developed by Ross Harvey for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Scott Bartram. This product includes software developed by Scott Stevens. This product includes software developed by Shingo WATANABE. This product includes software developed by Softweyr LLC, the University of California, Berkeley, and its contribu- tors. This product includes software developed by Stephan Thesing. This product includes software developed by Steven M. Bellovin This product includes software developed by Takashi Hamada. This product includes software developed by Takumi Nakamura. This product includes software developed by Tatoku Ogaito for the NetBSD Project. This product includes software developed by Tommi Komulainen . This product includes software developed by TooLs GmbH. This product includes software developed by Trimble Naviga- tion, Ltd. This product includes software developed by Waldi Ravens. This product includes software developed by WIDE Project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by Winning Strate- gies, Inc. This product includes software developed by Yasushi Yamasaki This product includes software developed by Yen Yen Lim and North Dakota State University This product includes software developed by Zembu Labs, Inc. This product includes software developed by the Alice Group. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Engineering Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the Computer Systems Laboratory at the University of Utah. This product includes software developed by the Harvard Uni- versity and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Kungliga Tekniska Hoegskolan and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Network Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.OpenSSL.org/) This product includes software developed by the PocketBSD project and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD ker- nel team This product includes software developed by the RiscBSD team. This product includes software developed by the SMCC Tech- nology Development Group at Sun Microsystems, Inc. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. This product includes software developed by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and its contrib- utors. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman. This product includes software developed by the University of Vermont and State Agricultural College and Garrett A. Wollman, by William F. Jolitz, and by the University of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and its contributors. This product includes software developed by the Urbana-Cham- paign Independent Media Center. This product includes software developed for the FreeBSD project This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Allegro Networks, Inc., and Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Bernd Ernesti. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Christopher G. Demetriou. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Eiji Kawauchi. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Frank van der Linden This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Genetec Corporation. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jason R. Thorpe. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by John M. Vinopal. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Jonathan Stone. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Kyma Systems LLC. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Matthias Drochner. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Perry E. Metzger. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Piermont Information Systems Inc. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Shigeyuki Fukushima. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by SUNET, Swedish University Computer Network. This product includes software developed for the NetBSD Project by Wasabi Systems, Inc. This product includes software developed or owned by Caldera International, Inc. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom. This product includes software developed under OpenBSD by Per Fogelstrom Opsycon AB for RTMX Inc, North Carolina, USA. This software was developed by Holger Veit and Brian Moore for use with "386BSD" and similar operating systems. "Simi- lar operating systems" includes mainly non-profit oriented systems for research and education, including but not restricted to "NetBSD", "FreeBSD", "Mach" (by CMU). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and The Open Group, have given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions of the system documentation. Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form in NetBSD, from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, Copyright (C) 2001-2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html. This notice shall appear on any product containing this material. In the following statement, "This software" refers to the parallel port driver: This software is a component of "386BSD" developed by William F. Jolitz, TeleMuse. Some files have the following copyright: Mach Operating System Copyright (c) 1991,1990,1989 Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABIL- ITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright (c) 1994, 1995 Carnegie-Mellon University. All rights reserved. Author: Chris G. Demetriou Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this software and its documentation is hereby granted, pro- vided that both the copyright notice and this permis- sion notice appear in all copies of the software, de- rivative works or modified versions, and any portions thereof, and that both notices appear in supporting documentation. CARNEGIE MELLON ALLOWS FREE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IN ITS "AS IS" CONDITION. CARNEGIE MELLON DISCLAIMS ANY LIABILITY OF ANY KIND FOR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Carnegie Mellon requests users of this software to return to Software Distribution Coordinator or Software.Dis- tribution@CS.CMU.EDU School of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213-3890 any improvements or extensions that they make and grant Carnegie the rights to redistribute these changes. Some files have the following copyright: Copyright 1996 The Board of Trustees of The Leland Stanford Junior University. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. Stanford Uni- versity makes no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty. TThhee EEnndd NetBSD/macppc 9.1 Oct 18, 2020 NetBSD/macppc 9.1